Fig. 1.

WFA treatment Inhibits NF-κB Activation in both microglial and neuronal cultured cells. (a) BV2/NF-κB luc cells was pretreated with LPS bacterial LPS (500 ng/ml) for 2 h. Posttreatment of LPS stimulated cells were treated with WFA in LPS containing media for 2 h (n = 4; one way ANOVA; Tukey multiple comparison test). (b) NSC-34/NF-κB luc cells were pretreated with 1 μM WFA for 20 min. After the treatment, cells were exposed to TNF-α (40 ng/ml) (n = 4, one-way ANOVA; Tukey’s multiple comparison test). (c) Cell death assay performed with BV2 cell by addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and withaferin-A (WFA) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (one-way ANOVA; Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test; n = 6). (d) Cell death difference observed in NSC-34 cells by addition of TNF-α and withaferin-A (WFA) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (n = 4; one-way ANOVA; Bonferroni’s multiple comparison test). P < 0.0001 ***)