TABLE 3.
Caffeine pharmacokinetic parameters in human volunteers before and after pre-treatment with the aqueous extract of A. majus, A. archangelica, C. monnieri, or R. graveolens. The ±SD of the data is omitted for better display and comparison.
| Plant product name | n a | Tmax | Cmax | AUC0-inf | CL | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H | µg/ml | µg/ml*h | ml/min | ||||||
| UT b | T b | UT | T | UT | T | UT | T | ||
| A. majus seeds | 6 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 5.4 | 6.3 c | 40.4 | 174.6 d | 95.6 | 21.7 d |
| C. monnieri fruits | 5 | 0.7 | 1.8 d | 6.0 | 5.9 | 46.1 | 101.8 c | 85.2 | 40.5 d |
| R. graveolens leaves | 6 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 50.9 | 68.6 c | 82.1 | 60.4 |
| A. archangelica roots | 6 | 0.8 | 1.3 d | 5.4 | 5.4 | 43.3 | 100.3 d | 84.9 | 44.8 d |
| A. majus seeds e | 2 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 5.0 | 6.8 | 34.2 | 197.4 c | 116.7 | 17.1 |
| A. archangelica roots e | 4 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 7.5 | 46.5 | 124.3 d | 90.5 | 28.8 |
a
n is the number of human volunteers in the study.
b
UT = untreaed human volunteers, T = human volunteers pretreated by an aqueous extract.
c
Significantly different to untreated human volunteer (0.01 < p ≤ 0.05).
d
Significantly different to untreated human volunteer (p ≤ 0.01).
e
Double-dose of the A. majus seeds and A. archangelica roots presented before.