TABLE 4.
Experiment 1 results from the mixed effects model including fixed effects of morpheme type, morpheme reliability (proportion), morpheme availability (log word-form frequency), stimulus sentence length, stimulus sense rating, and random effects of subject and item.
| Model 1: no interactions. | |||||||
| Fixed effects | Random effects | ||||||
| By subject | By item | ||||||
| Parameters | Estimate | SE | z | p | SD | SD | |
| Intercept | 0.145 | 3.424 | 0.04 | 0.966 | 1.04 | 1.24 | |
| Morpheme type1 | Plural -s | –1.480 | 0.424 | –3.49 | 0.000*** | ||
| Third-person -s | –0.347 | 0.391 | –0.88 | 0.376 | |||
| Progressive -ing | 0.963 | 0.435 | 2.21 | 0.027* | |||
| Morpheme reliability | 1.937 | 0.536 | 3.61 | 0.000*** | |||
| Morpheme availability2 | 0.420 | 0.202 | 2.08 | 0.037* | |||
| Sentence length (syllables) | 0.035 | 0.207 | 0.17 | 0.866 | |||
| Sense rating | –0.009 | 0.059 | –0.16 | 0.874 | |||
| 1Past-tense -ed is the reference level. 2Word-form frequency was logarithmically transformed. Model formula: accuracy∼morpheme + reliability + availability + length + sense + (1| subject) + (1| item). ***p = 0; *p < 0.01; p < 0.1. | |||||||
| Model 1b: Interactions between morpheme type and reliability. | |||||||
| Fixed effects | Random effects | ||||||
| By subject | By item | ||||||
| Parameters | Estimate | SE | z | p | SD | SD | |
| Intercept | 3.491 | 2.940 | 1.19 | 0.235 | 1.10 | 1.11 | |
| Morpheme type1 | Plural -s | –2.667 | 0.593 | –4.50 | 0.000*** | ||
| Third-person -s | –1.257 | 0.536 | –2.35 | 0.019* | |||
| Progressive -ing | 0.534 | 0.594 | 0.90 | 0.368 | |||
| Morpheme reliability | 0.554 | 1.026 | –0.54 | 0.589 | |||
| Sentence length (syllables) | –0.028 | 0.192 | –0.14 | 0.886 | |||
| MorphemePlural-s: Reliability | 3.902 | 1.231 | 3.17 | 0.002** | |||
| MorphemePres-s: Reliability | 2.952 | 1.638 | 1.80 | 0.072. | |||
| MorphemeProg-ing: Reliability | 1.626 | 1.647 | 0.99 | 0.323 | |||
| 1Past-tense -ed is the reference level. Model formula: accuracy∼morpheme∗reliability + length + (1| subject) + (1| item). ***p = 0; **p < 0.001; *p < 0.01; ⋅p < 0.05; p < 0.1. | |||||||
| Model 1c: interactions between morpheme type and availability. | |||||||
| Fixed effects | Random effects | ||||||
| By Subject | By Item | ||||||
| Parameters | Estimate | SE | z | p | SD | SD | |
| Intercept | 1.765 | 3.546 | 0.50 | 0.619 | 1.10 | 1.15 | |
| Morpheme type1 | Plural -s | –9.827 | 2.673 | –3.68 | 0.000*** | ||
| Third-person -s | –2.660 | 1.869 | –1.42 | 0.155 | |||
| Progressive -ing | 1.779 | 2.246 | 0.79 | 0.428 | |||
| Morpheme availability2 | 0.221 | 0.355 | 0.62 | 0.534 | |||
| Sentence length (syllables) | 0.017 | 0.200 | 0.08 | 0.934 | |||
| MorphemePlural-s: Availability | 1.943 | 0.604 | 3.22 | 0.001** | |||
| MorphemePres-s: Availability | 0.517 | 0.458 | 1.13 | 0.259 | |||
| MorphemeProg-ing: Availability | –0.201 | 0.527 | –0.38 | 0.703 | |||
1Past-tense -ed is the reference level. 2Word-form frequency was logarithmically transformed. Model formula: accuracy∼morpheme∗availability + length + (1| subject) + (1| item). ***p = 0; **p < 0.001; p < 0.1.