TABLE 5.
Experiment 2 including fixed-effects of morpheme type, morpheme reliability (proportion), morpheme availability (log word-form Frequency), formulaicity (string frequency), length (syllables), and stimulus sense rating, and random effects of subject and item.
| Model 2: no interactions. | |||||||
| Fixed effects | Random effects | ||||||
| By subject | By item | ||||||
| Parameters | Estimate | SE | z | p | SD | SD | |
| Intercept | 0.484 | 2.135 | –0.23 | 0.820 | 3.027 | 1.048 | |
| Morpheme type1 | Plural -s | –0.875 | 0.239 | –3.66 | 0.000*** | ||
| Third-person -s | 0.809 | 0.236 | 3.42 | 0.001*** | |||
| Progressive -ing | 1.293 | 0.246 | 5.25 | 0.000*** | |||
| Morpheme reliability | 1.742 | 0.348 | 5.01 | 0.000*** | 0.786 | ||
| Morpheme availability2 | 0.301 | 0.126 | 2.39 | 0.017* | 0.026 | ||
| Formulaicity (low)3 | –0.619 | 0.223 | –2.77 | 0.006** | |||
| Sentence length (syllables) | –0.014 | 0.129 | –0.11 | 0.921 | |||
| Sense rating | –0.126 | 0.035 | –3.65 | 0.000*** | |||
| 1The Past-tense -ed is the reference level. 2Word-form frequency was logarithmically transformed. 3High formulaicity was the reference level. Model formula: accuracy∼morpheme + reliability + availability + formulaicity + length + sense + (1 + reliability + availability| subject) + (1| Item). ***p = 0; **p < 0.001; *p < 0.01; p < 0.1. | |||||||
| Model 2b: Interactions between morpheme type and reliability. | |||||||
| Fixed effects | Random effects | ||||||
| By subject | By item | ||||||
| Parameters | Estimate | SE | z | p | SD | SD | |
| Intercept | 4.294 | 1.886 | 2.28 | 0.023* | 1.288 | 0.955 | |
| Morpheme type1 | Plural -s | –2.249 | 0.352 | –6.38 | 0.000*** | ||
| Third-person -s | –0.059 | 0.32 | –0.18 | 0.853 | |||
| Progressive -ing | 0.743 | 0.34 | 2.19 | 0.029* | |||
| Morpheme reliability | –0.604 | 0.598 | –1.01 | 0.312 | 0.960 | ||
| Formulaicity (low)2 | –0.462 | 0.211 | –2.19 | 0.028* | |||
| Sentence length (syllables) | –0.153 | 0.122 | –1.25 | 0.210 | |||
| MorphemePlural-s: Reliability | 3.995 | 0.722 | 5.54 | 0.000*** | |||
| MorphemePres-s: Reliability | 2.781 | 1.01 | 2.75 | 0.006** | |||
| MorphemeProg-ing: Reliability | 1.881 | 0.946 | 1.99 | 0.047* | |||
| 1Past-tense -ed is the reference level. 2 High formulaicity was the reference level. Model formula: accuracy∼morpheme∗reliability + formulaicity + length + (1 + reliability| subject) + (1| item). ***p = 0; **p < 0.001; *p < 0.01; p < 0.1. | |||||||
| Model 2c: interactions between morpheme type and availability. | |||||||
| Fixed effects | Random effects | ||||||
| By Subject | By Item | ||||||
| Parameters | Estimate | SE | z | p | SD | SD | |
| Intercept | 2.453 | 2.209 | 1.110 | 0.267 | 1.943 | 0.984 | |
| Morpheme type1 | Plural -s | –9.346 | 1.655 | –5.650 | 0.000*** | ||
| Third-person -s | –3.651 | 1.147 | –3.180 | 0.001** | |||
| Progressive -ing | 0.526 | 1.292 | 0.410 | 0.684 | |||
| Morpheme availability | –0.158 | 0.209 | –0.760 | 0.448 | 0.269 | ||
| Formulaicity (low)2 | –0.638 | 0.217 | –2.940 | 0.003** | |||
| Sentence Length (syllables) | –0.002 | 0.127 | –0.020 | 0.985 | |||
| MorphemePlural-s: Availability | 1.971 | 0.369 | 5.340 | 0.000*** | |||
| MorphemePres-s: Availability | 1.051 | 0.281 | 3.740 | 0.000*** | |||
| MorphemeProg-ing: Availability | 0.169 | 0.302 | 0.560 | 0.575 | |||
1Past-tense -ed is the reference level. 2High formulaicity was the reference level. Model formula: accuracy∼morpheme*availability + formulaicity + length + (1 + availability| subject) + (1| item). ***p = 0; **p < 0.001; p < 0.1.