Fig. 9.

Phylogeography and resistome dynamics of K. pneumoniae isolates from Africa. Each strain is expressed by species name, strain, sequence type, date and country of isolation, and host on the phylogenetic tree shown in (a) under different label colours representative of the country of origin: green (South Africa), red (Ghana), brown (Nigeria), purple (Algeria), blue (Egypt), turquoise (Tunisia), gold (Cameroon) and black (Sudan, Uganda, unknown country). Members of the same clade (labelled I to XVII) are highlighted with the same colour on the branches. The resistomes of the isolates are shown in (b) under the various clades, with members of the same clade having the same colour as the highlights in the phylogenetic tree in (a); blanks refer to absence of resistance genes and filled sections refer to presence of resistance genes. The phylogeography of the various clades is shown in (c) and most of the clades are concentrated in South Africa, Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, Malawi, Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt.