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. 2021 Apr 29;11:560591. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.560591

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Copyright © 2021 Jung, Seo, Kim, Song, Park and Lee

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Box plot for the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) according to cancer status. (A–D) When patients were grouped according to cancer stage, four VOCs were seen to gradually increase as cancer advanced (Propanal, Aceticamide, Isoprene, and 1,3 propanediol, respectively (P = 0.003, P = 0.007, P = 0.020 and P = 0.025, respectively). (E, F) The two the VOCs showed no significant differences among the three groups (methyl isobutyl ketone, P = 0.998 and acetic acid, P = 0.050). (G, H) Two of the VOCs that were lower in cancer patients than in controls showed significant differences among the three groups, but these were not correlated with cancer stage (m-tolualdehyde, P = 0.021, and 1, 3, 5-trimethylbenzene, P = 0.016).