Table 1.
ERP components by time latency and functional significance.
| ERP | Time latency after stimulus onset (ms) | Functional significance |
|---|---|---|
| N100 (or N1) |
90–200 | Early sensory processing and automatic orienting (Hillyard et al., 1998; Vogel and Luck, 2000; David et al., 2011; Kappenman and Luck, 2011) |
| Error related negativity (ERN) | 80–150 | Individual error processing (Gehring et al., 2011, 2018; Wang et al., 2020) |
| P200 (or P2) |
100–250 | Early selective attention Attentional and cognitive processing Automatic orienting to stimuli (Crowley and Colrain, 2004; Pacheco et al., 2020) |
| N200(or N2) | 180–300 | Conflict detection during the regulation of successful behavior (Donkers and van Boxtel, 2004; Folstein and Van Petten, 2007; Riesel et al., 2017; Heidlmayr et al., 2020) |
| Early posterior negativity (EPN) | 200–300 | Valence processing Stimulus arousal Attention allocation (Junghofer et al., 2001; Schupp et al., 2003a,b, 2007; Farkas et al., 2020; Hajcak and Foti, 2020; Lemos et al., 2020) |
| P300 (or P3) |
250–500 | Measure of attention independently of behavioral responding Visual attention toward stimuli with personal relevance Emotional salience (positive or negative) Working memory update Motivated attention (Polich, 2007, 2011; Lobo et al., 2014; Hajcak and Foti, 2020) |
| N400 (or N4) | 250–500 | Processes indexing access to semantic memory (Kutas and Federmeier, 2011) |
| Late positive potential (LPP) | 300–1,000 | Conscious allocation of attention Allocation of motivational or emotion-based attention (Hajcak et al., 2010; Brown et al., 2012; Hajcak and Foti, 2020) |
| Slow positive wave (SPW) | 500-6,000 | Categorization and response selection processes (Johnston et al., 1986; daSilva et al., 2016) |