Table 4.
Frequency domain analysis: studies evaluating EEG oscillatory activity in BP-ED.
| References | Sample (n) diagnostic | Stimulus/Task | Measures | Frequency band | Main findings | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Léonard et al. (1998) | AN = 14 BN = 10 HC = 18 (DSM-IV) |
Before meal (resting state) and meal (on starting, during and after the end of the meal) | EDI; HADS; STAI | Alpha, beta, delta, and theta | No significant differences between groups | First study to assess EEG data in patients with eating disorders |
| Rodriguez et al. (2007) | AN = 16 BN = 12 HC = 30 (DSM IV-TR) |
Resting-state EEG (eyes closed) |
NR | Alpha 1 | HC exhibited increased amplitude compared with BN in temporal, central, parietal, occipital, and limbic sites | Alpha 1 amplitude in central sites was correlated with BMI in patients |
| Alpha 2 | HC > AN and BN (parietal, occipital, and limbic) | |||||
| Delta and theta | No significant differences between groups | |||||
| Tammela et al. (2010) | EG: 12 Obese BE GC: 13 Obese without BE (BES > 26) |
Resting-state EEG (eyes-closed) and focused (eyes-open) during food stimuli | BITE; QEWP; TFEQ; DEBQ; BDI | Beta activity | EG presented higher frontal activity in all situations (stimulus-independent) | Entire sample composed of obese individuals |
| Alpha, delta, and theta | No significant differences between groups | |||||
| Imperatori et al. (2015) | EG: 13 Obese/OW with BED GC: 13 Obese/OW without BED (DSM-IV-TR) |
Resting-state EEG (eyes closed) |
BES; HADS | Beta | EG: increased lagged phase synchronization in frontal-temporal and occipito-temporo-parietal areas | EEG connectivity values were significantly related to BE, even after controlling for depression symptoms |
| Wolz et al. (2017) | EG = 19 (BN =12; BED = 7) HC = 20 |
Chocolate odor and pictures | FCCQ; DERS; YFAS; EDI-2; SCL-90-R | Theta | No difference in frontal power between groups |
BAS, Behavioral Activation Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BES, Binge Eating Scale; BIS-11, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; BITE, Bulimic Investigation Test Edinburgh; DEBQ, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire; DERS, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; EDE, Eating Disorder Examination; EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; EDI, Eating Disorder Inventory; EDI-2, Eating Disorder Inventory-2; EG, experimental group; FCCQ, Food Chocolate-Craving Questionnaire; CG, control group; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HC, healthy control; OW, overweight; MSES, Multidimensional Self Esteem Scale; NR, not reported; QADP, Questionnaire for the Assessment of Disgust Proneness; RS, Restraint Scale; RSE, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; SCL-90-R, Symptom Checklist-90 Revised; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; TAS, Toronto Alexithymia Scale; TFEQ, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire; WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – revised; YFAS, Yale Food Addiction Scale.