Table 2.
Multivariate logistic regressionaOR (95% CL) of having depression in NHANES 2011–2012 adult participants.
| All | Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 3903 | 1997 | 1906 |
| Depressed yes, n | 429 | 170 | 259 |
| Depressed no, n | 3474 | 1827 | 1647 |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 1.00 | ||
| Women | 1.78 (1.33, 2.37)*** | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.98 (0.64, 1.49) | 0.66 (0.40, 1.09) | 1.16 (0.59, 2.28) |
| Hispanic | 1.10 (0.66, 1.83) | 0.98 (0.56, 1.72) | 1.31 (0.68, 2.52) |
| Other | 1.05 (0.70, 1.57) | 0.71 (0.36, 1.38) | 1.54 (0.84, 2.82) |
| Age quartile | |||
| Age Q1 (20–32 years) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age Q2 (33–47 years) | 1.19 (0.74, 1.90) | 0.85 (0.37, 1.96) | 1.45 (0.77, 2.70) |
| Age Q3 (48–60 years) | 1.55 (0.98, 2.46) | 1.85 (0.94, 3.64) | 1.41 (0.73, 2.70) |
| Age Q4 (> 60 years) | 0.78 (0.42, 1.43) | 0.57 (0.15, 2.12) | 0.91 (0.43, 1.92) |
| Education level | |||
| Less than High School | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Completed High School | 0.87 (0.52, 1.46) | 0.97 (0.47, 2.00) | 0.79 (0.47, 1.30) |
| More than High School | 0.68 (0.37, 1.27) | 0.64 (0.31, 1.32) | 0.69 (0.37, 1.30) |
| Poverty Income Ratio | |||
| PIR ≤ 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| PIR >1 | 0.41 (0.27, 0.63)*** | 0.40 (0.20, 0.82)* | 0.46 (0.30, 0.73)** |
| Body Weight Status | |||
| Underweight/Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight | 1.11 (0.61, 2.01) | 0.97 (0.42, 2.21) | 1.16 (0.66, 2.05) |
| Obese | 1.73 (1.06, 2.82)* | 1.01 (0.47, 2.18) | 2.48 (1.39, 4.45)** |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| No Alcohol | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–4 drinks per week | 1.02 (0.71, 1.46) | 0.68 (0.37, 1.27) | 1.10 (0.70, 1.75) |
| >4 drinks per week | 1.06 (0.54, 2.06) | 0.52 (0.22, 1.20) | 2.07 (0.70, 6.15) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current Smoker | 1.79 (1.19, 2.69)** | 0.85 (0.43, 1.67) | 3.50 (1.67, 7.31)** |
| Former Smoker | 1.46 (0.94, 2.28) | 1.28 (0.68, 2.44) | 1.76 (0.97, 3.20) |
| Never Smoked | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Serum Cotinine Tertile | |||
| Serum Cotinine T1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Serum Cotinine T2 | 0.76 (0.48, 1.22) | 0.52 (0.25, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.59, 1.45) |
| Serum Cotinine T3 | 1.01 (0.71, 1.45) | 1.23 (0.55, 2.74) | 0.79 (0.43, 1.45) |
| Blood Lead Quartile | |||
| BPb Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| BPb Q2 | 1.19 (1.00, 1.42) | 0.89 (0.50, 1.58) | 1.28 (0.96, 1.69) |
| BPb Q3 | 1.26 (0.93, 1.71) | 0.70 (0.33, 1.50) | 1.72 (1.09, 2.71)* |
| BPb Q4 | 0.94 (0.65, 1.35) | 0.54 (0.24, 1.20) | 1.20 (0.68, 2.11) |
| Blood Cadmium Quartile | |||
| BCd Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| BCd Q2 | 1.12 (0.70, 1.77) | 0.83 (0.46, 1.52) | 1.66 (0.72, 3.85) |
| BCd Q3 | 1.12 (0.67, 1.87) | 1.08 (0.65, 1.79) | 1.47 (0.64, 3.39) |
| BCd Q4 | 1.68 (1.12, 2.51)* | 2.59 (1.11, 6.00)* | 1.58 (0.77, 3.24) |
a
Adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, blood lead levels, obesity, serum cotinine, PIR, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and education level. Quartiles Cadmium: Q1: <0.18 μg/L; Q2: 0.18–0.29 μg/L; Q3: 0.30–0.54 μg/L; Q4: >0.54 μg/L. Quartiles Lead: Q1: <0.70 μg/dL; Q2: 0.70–1.06 μg/dL; Q3: 1.07–1.67 μg/dL; Q4: > 1.67 μg/dL. Tertiles Cotinine: T1: <0.016 ng/mL; T2: 0.016–0.13 ng/mL; T3: >0.13 ng/mL.
*
indicates p<0.05
**
indicates p<0.01
***
indicates p<0.001.