Table 3:
Multivariate logistic regressiona OR (95% CL) of having depression in NHANES 2011–2012 for adult participants (ages 20–47 years)
| All | Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1887 | 1007 | 880 |
| Depressed yes, n | 190 | 75 | 115 |
| Depressed no, n | 1697 | 932 | 765 |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 1.00 | ||
| Women | 2.28 (1.63, 3.19)*** | ||
| Age | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.10 (0.62, 1.95) | 0.65 (0.22, 1.91) | 1.52 (0.69, 3.35) |
| Hispanic (Mexican-American and Other) | 1.20 (0.69, 2.10) | 1.44 (0.66, 3.12) | 1.35 (0.66, 2.78) |
| Other | 1.48 (0.89, 2.46) | 0.87 (0.28, 2.74) | 2.43 (1.00, 5.92) |
| Education level | |||
| Less than High School | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Completed High School | 1.10 (0.65, 1.87) | 2.00 (1.17, 3.42)* | 0.79 (0.29, 2.13) |
| More than High School | 0.76 (0.55, 1.03) | 1.25 (0.63, 2.49) | 0.61 (0.39, 0.94)* |
| Poverty Income Ratio | |||
| PIR ≤ 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| PIR > 1 | 0.50 (0.30, 0.85)* | 0.40 (0.17, 0.94)* | 0.65 (0.34, 1.24) |
| Body Weight Status | |||
| Underweight/Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight | 1.47 (0.65, 3.34) | 1.18 (0.42, 3.36) | 1.52 (0.68, 3.42) |
| Obese | 2.30 (1.25, 4.26)* | 1.23 (0.43, 3.54) | 3.36 (1.83, 6.15)*** |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| No Alcohol | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–4 drinks per week | 0.98 (0.55, 1.75) | 0.49 (0.29, 1.07) | 1.19 (0.52, 2.72) |
| >4 drinks per week | 1.34 (0.60, 2.97) | 0.49 (0.20, 1.23) | 2.76 (0.81, 9.37) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current Smoker | 1.80 (0.92, 3.53) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.22) | 4.14 (1.17, 14.68)* |
| Former Smoker | 1.54 (0.87, 2.71) | 0.81 (0.37, 1.79) | 2.56 (1.16, 5.67)* |
| Never Smoked | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Serum Cotinine Tertile | |||
| Serum Cotinine T1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Serum Cotinine T2 | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) | 0.34 (0.14, 0.82)* | 0.66 (0.30, 1.45) |
| Serum Cotinine T3 | 1.14 (0.63, 2.04) | 1.58 (0.70, 3.60) | 0.82 (0.28, 2.39) |
| Blood Lead Quartile | |||
| BPb Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| BPb Q2 | 1.19 (0.77, 1.82) | 1.04 (0.44, 2.50) | 1.23 (0.71, 2.13) |
| BPb Q3 | 1.75 (1.12, 2.72)** | 1.51 (0.50, 4.60) | 1.86 (1.01, 3.41)* |
| BPb Q4 | 1.13 (0.61, 2.07) | 0.49 (0.17, 1.42) | 2.97 (1.01, 8.74)* |
| Blood Cadmium Quartile | |||
| BCd Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| BCd Q2 | 0.97 (0.49, 1.91) | 0.62 (0.28, 1.37) | 1.16 (0.49, 2.74) |
| BCd Q3 | 1.00 (0.36, 2.74) | 1.21 (0.48, 3.05) | 1.05 (0.29, 3.75) |
| BCd Q4 | 1.62 (0.79, 3.32) | 3.16 (1.26, 7.91)* | 1.04 (0.41, 2.62) |
a
Adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, blood lead levels, obesity, serum cotinine, PIR, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and education level. Quartiles Cadmium: Q1: <0.18 μg/L; Q2: 0.18–0.29 μg/L; Q3: 0.30–0.54 μg/L; Q4: >0.54 μg/L. Quartiles Lead: Q1: <0.70 μg/dL; Q2: 0.70–1.06 μg/dL; Q3: 1.07–1.67 μg/dL; Q4: > 1.67 μg/dL. Tertiles Cotinine: T1: <0.016 ng/mL; T2: 0.016–0.13 ng/mL; T3: >0.13 ng/mL.
*
indicates p<0.05,
**
indicates p<0.01
***
indicates p<0.001.