Table 4:
Multivariate logistic regressiona OR (95% CL) of having depression in NHANES 2011–2012 for adult participants (ages >47 years)
| All | Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2016 | 990 | 1026 |
| Depressed yes, n | 239 | 95 | 144 |
| Depressed no, n | 1777 | 895 | 882 |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 1.00 | ||
| Women | 1.44 (0.94, 2.20) | ||
| Age | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98)*** | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99)* | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99)** |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.87 (0.49, 1.55) | 0.69 (0.27, 1.72) | 0.93 (0.48, 1.80) |
| Hispanic (Mexican-American and Other) | 0.93 (0.44, 2.00) | 0.54 (0.16, 1.79) | 1.35 (0.56, 3.24) |
| Other | 0.58 (0.24, 1.41) | 0.54 (0.26, 1.12) | 0.66 (0.18, 2.42) |
| Education level | |||
| Less than High School | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Completed High School | 0.69 (0.30, 1.61) | 0.58 (0.14, 2.37) | 0.90 (0.41, 1.95) |
| More than High School | 0.62 (0.20, 1.92) | 0.42 (0.14, 1.21) | 0.96 (0.27, 3.48) |
| Poverty Income Ratio | |||
| PIR1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| PIR 1 | 0.31 (0.16, 0.59)** | 0.37 (0.19, 0.72)** | 0.28 (0.12, 0.66)** |
| Body Weight Status | |||
| Underweight/Normal | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight | 0.78 (0.39, 1.56) | 0.72 (0.27, 1.89) | 0.74 (0.31, 1.77) |
| Obese | 1.13 (0.65, 1.97) | 0.66 (0.25, 1.74) | 1.64 (0.75, 3.55) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| No Alcohol | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–4 drinks per week | 1.05 (0.52, 2.15) | 0.62 (0.20, 1.94) | 1.02 (0.43, 2.40) |
| >4 drinks per week | 0.65 (0.15, 2.77) | 0.37 (0.06, 2.41) | 1.04 (0.11, 9.55) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current Smoker | 1.44 (0.65, 3.20) | 0.73 (0.15, 3.55) | 3.26 (1.43, 7.42)** |
| Former Smoker | 1.39 (0.76, 2.55) | 1.57 (0.47, 5.25) | 1.55 (0.77, 3.14) |
| Never Smoked | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Serum Cotinine Tertile | |||
| Serum Cotinine T1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Serum Cotinine T2 | 0.93 (0.46, 1.88) | 0.63 (0.21, 1.89) | 1.12 (0.51, 2.45) |
| Serum Cotinine T3 | 0.85 (0.47, 1.52) | 1.07 (0.32, 3.58) | 0.60 (0.24, 1.48) |
| Blood Lead Quartile | |||
| BPb Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| BPb Q2 | 1.05 (0.45, 2.49) | 0.38 (0.07, 2.21) | 1.49 (0.81, 2.75) |
| BPb Q3 | 0.88 (0.32, 2.38) | 0.15 (0.03, 0.76)* | 1.71 (0.62, 4.73) |
| BPb Q4 | 0.75 (0.28, 1.99) | 0.27 (0.04, 1.72) | 0.94 (0.39, 2.25) |
| Blood Cadmium Quartile | |||
| BCd Q1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| BCd Q2 | 1.19 (0.49, 2.87) | 0.83 (0.22, 3.19) | 2.89 (0.75, 11.05) |
| BCd Q3 | 1.19 (0.58, 2.44) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.59) | 2.68 (0.87, 8.24) |
| BCd Q4 | 1.81 (0.73, 4.46) | 1.81 (0.41, 7.99) | 3.30 (1.02, 10.69)* |
a
Adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, blood lead levels, obesity, serum cotinine, PIR, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and education level. Quartiles Cadmium: Q1: <0.18 μg/L; Q2: 0.18–0.29 μg/L; Q3: 0.30–0.54 μg/L; Q4: >0.54 μg/L. Quartiles Lead: Q1: <0.70 μg/dL; Q2: 0.70–1.06 μg/dL; Q3: 1.07–1.67 μg/dL; Q4: > 1.67 μg/dL. Tertiles Cotinine: T1: <0.016 ng/mL; T2: 0.016–0.13 ng/mL; T3: >0.13 ng/mL.
*
indicates p<0.05
**
indicates p<0.01
***
indicates p<0.001