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. 2021 Apr 12;12:640032. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640032
Pharmacogenetics: The study of the relationship between DNA sequence variations and drug response (EMEA/CHMP/ICH/437986/2006).
CYP enzymes: Cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the metabolism of a variety of drugs.
TDM: Therapeutic drug monitoring: Measurement of medication levels in the blood, especially for drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, to avoid under- or overexposure. PM: Slow metabolizer (poor metabolizer), a person with absent or very low enzyme activity due to genetic variants for a specific metabolizing enzyme.
IM: Intermediate metabolizer, person with low enzyme activity due to a genetic variant for a specific metabolizing enzyme.
EM/NM: Normal metabolizer (extensive/normal metabolizer), a person with normal enzyme activity. A recent consensus article suggests changing this term to normal metabolizers (NM), and this has also been changed on the CPIC dosage recommendations (www.cpicpgx.org).
UM: Ultrafast metabolizer (ultrarapid metabolizer), aperson with very high enzyme activity due to (multiple) genetic variants or copies of a specific metabolizing enzyme.