TABLE 1.

Summarization of the effects of drugs acting on PPARγ in renal IRI.

Drugs act on PPARγ	IRI models	Main effects	Conclusion	Reference
Pioglitazone a	Male Wistar albino rats (200–250 g)	Antioxidant effects and renoprotection	NMDA receptor antagonism involves in pio-mediated renoprotection	Singh et al. (2016)
Pioglitazone a	NRK-52e cells	Inhibited oxidative stress and ERS	Pioglitazone can inhibit oxidative stress and ERS in RTECs under NG and HG conditions	Zou et al. (2019)
Pioglitazone a	Male Sprague–Dawley rats (200–250 g)	Inhibited apoptosis and exhibiting an antioxidant effect	Pioglitazone protects renal against IRI; AMPK and autophagy-related signals are engaged in	Chen et al. (2018)
Pioglitazone a	NRK-52e cells	Enhanced autophagy	Pioglitazone enhances AMPK phosphorylation and inhibits mTOR phosphorylation during IRI	Xi et al. (2019)
Rosiglitazone a	Male Sprague–Dawley rats (200–250 g)	Reduced inflammatory and apoptotic markers	RGZ-induced renoprotection is linked to a reduction of inflammatory and apoptotic markers, besides reversing the eNOS mRNA and iNOS mRNA expression	Betz et al. (2012)
Rosiglitazone and ciglitazone a	Wistar rats	Reduced oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory cytokines	Renoprotective effects of rosiglitazone and ciglitazone may via ICAM-1and PMN-relevant oxidative stress reduction	Sivarajah et al. (2003)
15 days-PGJ2 b	Wistar rats weighing 215–305 g	Reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression	15 days-PGJ2 protects the kidney by reducing pro-inflammatory gene expression and inhibiting NF-κB activation	Chatterjee et al. (2004)
Cilostazol c	Adult male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g	Modulated the oxidative stress, iNOS, NF-kB, IL-18, caspase-1, NGAL, Kim-1, and PPARγ level	Cilostazol purveys renoprotective effects may partially via the upregulation of PPARγ	Ragab et al. (2014)
Sildenafil c	Male Wistar albino rats weighing 200–250 g	Antioxidant and renoprotective effects	Sildenafil protects against IR-induced AKI through PPARγ agonism in rats	Mohey et al. (2016)
Estradiol c	Male Wistar albino rats (16–20 weeks, 200–250 g)	Upregulation, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic activity	Estradiol protects renal via PPAR-γ–stimulated eNOS activation	Singh et al. (2019)

NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid; RTECs, rat renal tubular epithelial cells; NG, normal glucose; HG, high glucose; ERS, endoplasmic reticulum stress; eNOS, endothelial NO synthase; iNOS, inducible NO synthase; PMN, polymorphonuclear; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.

^aPPARγ synthetic ligand.

^bPPARγ natural ligand.

^cPPARγ agonist.