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. 2021 May 13;12:288. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02368-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — ADM2 accelerated mature callus formation during distraction osteogenesis in diabetic rats. Representative images of H&E, Masson, and Safranin O-Fast Green staining from the middle of the distracted tibias showed various amounts of trabecular bones, fibrous tissue, and cartilaginous tissue in all four groups. Compared to the control group, the distraction gaps showed increased fibrous and cartilaginous tissues and less trabecular bone in the center zone in the DM group. Upon treatment of ADM2, the distraction gaps showed more mature trabecular bone and less fibrous and cartilaginous tissues. The bone-regenerating effect of ADM2 was partially reversed by GW9662 administration. Immunohistochemical analysis for osteocalcin (OCN) showed a similar tendency with stronger staining in the control and ADM2 groups than that in the DM and GW9662 groups. Dotted arrows, fibrous-like tissue. White arrows, cartilaginous tissue. Black arrows, newly formed trabecular bone. Scale bar 200 μm