Table 1.

Respondent characteristics

	Total		UCL three-item loneliness scale (UCLATILS)							ONS Direct measure of loneliness (DMOL)
			No		Moderate		High		P value	No		Moderate		High		P value
	N	(%)	N	(%)	N	(%)	N	(%)		N	(%)	N	(%)	N	(%)
Parent characteristics
Age group									0.05							0.004
20–29	30	−100	6	−20	10	−33.3	14	−46.7		9	−30	13	−43.3	8	−26.7
30–39	354	−100	122	−34.5	85	−24	147	−41.5		166	−47.6	127	−36.4	56	−16
40–49	643	−100	202	−31.4	184	−28.6	257	−40		346	−54.3	219	−34.4	72	−11.3
50–59	174	−100	73	−42	52	−29.9	49	−28.2		109	−63	46	−26.6	18	−10.4
60+	11	−100	4	−36.4	3	−27.3	4	−36.4		7	−63.6	3	−27.3	1	−9.1
Gender									<0.001							0.002
Male	149	−100	75	−50.3	31	−20.8	43	−28.9		99	−66.4	39	−26.2	11	−7.4
Female	1062	−100	331	−31.2	303	−28.5	428	−40.3		537	−51.1	369	−35.1	144	−13.7
Ethnicity									0.23							0.42
White	962	−100	322	−33.5	269	−28	371	−38.6		512	−53.7	322	−33.8	120	−12.6
Black	25	−100	7	−28	5	−20	13	−52		11	−45.8	8	−33.3	5	−20.8
Asian	101	−100	27	−26.7	25	−24.8	49	−48.5		43	−43.4	39	−39.4	17	−17.2
Mixed/other	107	−100	42	−39.3	30	−28	35	−32.7		60	−56.6	34	−32.1	12	−11.3
Level of education									0.15							0.004
Secondary school	274	−100	92	−33.6	67	−24.5	115	−42		125	−46.3	95	−35.2	50	−18.5
Diploma	127	−100	40	−31.5	34	−26.8	53	−41.7		64	−51.2	42	−33.6	19	−15.2
Bachelor's Degree	446	−100	151	−33.9	126	−28.3	169	−37.9		234	−53.1	155	−35.1	52	−11.8
Master's Degree	264	−100	81	−30.7	77	−29.2	106	−40.2		152	−57.8	90	−34.2	21	-8
Doctorate	88	−100	39	−44.3	28	−31.8	21	−23.9		58	−65.9	21	−23.9	9	−10.2
Employment									0.15							0.001
Employed full-time	479	−100	168	−35.1	143	−29.9	168	−35.1		264	−55.5	158	−33.2	54	−11.3
Employed part-time	372	−100	121	−32.5	98	−26.3	153	−41.1		189	−51.2	133	−36	47	−12.7
Self-employed	182	−100	63	−34.6	52	−28.6	67	−36.8		107	−59.4	59	−32.8	14	−7.8
Not working**	170	−100	53	−31.2	37	−21.8	80	−47.1		74	−44.3	55	−32.9	38	−22.8
Number of people in the household									0.37							0.024
2	45	100.0)	11	−24.4	11	−24.4	23	−51.1		13	−28.9	21	−46.7	11	−24.4
3	249	100.0)	85	−34.1	66	−26.5	98	−39.4		136	−54.6	76	−30.5	37	−14.9
4	597	100.0)	201	−33.7	173	−29	223	−37.4		323	−54.9	202	−34.4	63	−10.7
5	208	−100	76	−36.5	58	−27.9	74	−35.6		114	−55.3	63	−30.6	29	−14.1
6+	94	−100	29	−30.9	20	−21.3	45	−47.9		46	−49.5	35	−37.6	12	−12.9
Physical activity levels during the lockdown									0.001							<0.001
Low	176	−100	48	−27.3	50	−28.4	78	−44.3		85	−48.9	51	−29.3	38	−21.8
Medium	575	−100	178	−31	153	−26.6	244	−42.4		279	−48.9	220	−38.5	72	−12.6
High	436	−100	175	−40.1	123	−28.2	138	−31.7		262	−60.9	126	−29.3	42	−9.8
Child characteristics
Level of schooling									0.04							0.001
Primary	656	−100	209	−31.9	171	−26.1	276	−42.1		319	−49.1	226	−34.8	105	−16.2
Secondary	270	−100	106	−39.3	78	−28.9	86	−31.9		165	−61.1	81	−30	24	−8.9
Both (I have≥1 child)	285	−100	91	−31.9	85	−29.8	109	−38.3		152	−54.5	101	−36.2	26	−9.3
Special needs									0.009							0.008
Yes	133	−100	35	−26.3	30	−22.6	68	−51.1		53	−40.8	53	−40.8	24	−18.5
No	1077	−100	371	−34.4	304	−28.2	402	−37.3		583	−54.6	354	−33.1	131	−12.3
Dedicated space to study									0.001							<0.001
Yes	831	−100	304	−36.6	230	−27.7	297	−35.7		476	−57.8	256	−31.1	91	−11.1
No	379	−100	102	−26.9	104	−27.4	173	−45.6		160	−42.7	151	−40.3	64	−17.1
Access to technology									0.02							<0.001
Yes	653	−100	240	−36.8	173	−26.5	240	−36.8		380	−58.8	195	−30.2	71	−11
Yes, but not their own	532	−100	162	−30.5	157	−29.5	213	−40		253	−47.8	202	−38.2	74	−14
No	25	−100	5	−20	4	−16	16	−64		4	−17.4	10	−43.5	9	−39.1
In receipt of distance learning									0.46							0.03
Yes	1101	−100	375	−34.1	301	−27.3	425	−38.6		589	−54	368	−33.8	133	−12.2
No	110	−100	31	−28.2	33	−30	46	−41.8		47	−43.1	40	−36.7	22	−20.2
In receipt of live/online lessons									0.24							0.001
Yes	409	−100	142	−34.7	116	−28.4	151	−36.9		234	−57.6	133	−32.8	39	−9.6
No	449	−100	139	−31	119	−26.5	191	−42.5		210	−47.1	160	−35.9	76	−17
Sleeping pattern									<0.001							<0.001
No major change in sleeping pattern	449	−100	187	−41.6	128	−28.5	134	−29.8		285	−63.9	123	−27.6	38	−8.5
Slight change	168	−100	61	−36.3	44	−26.2	63	−37.5		90	−54.9	53	−32.3	21	−12.8
child now sleeps much later in the evening	580	−100	153	−26.4	158	−27.2	269	−46.4		253	−44	229	−39.8	93	−16.2
child now sleeping much earlier in the evening	9	−100	4	−44.4	3	−33.3	2	−22.2		7	−77.8	1	−11.1	1	−11.1

ONS, Office for National Statistics.