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Co-evolution of the HBB-βS variant and other malaria, and trypanosome associated genes variant in Africa: (A) Distribution of the HBB-βS variant [frequencies adapted from (13)]. (B) Distribution of the 3·7 kb alpha-globin gene (HBA1/HBA2) deletion [frequencies adapted from (59) and (11)]. (C) Distribution of the G6PD deficiency. (D) Distribution of the APOL1 G2 [frequencies adapted from (87)].
