Table 1.

Demographic characteristics and cognitive test scores in the two study groups

	MMD group (n = 15)	Control group (n = 20)	p value	Effect size	Cohen’s d
Sex (M:F)	10:05	13:07	0.918
Age, years	41.27 ± 10.36	48.95 ± 12.78	0.066	− 0.31	− 0.66
Education, years	10.53 ± 2.26	11.10 ± 3.82	0.588	− 0.09	− 0.18
Neurocognition score
SPM	15.93 ± 6.94	21.45 ± 9.13	0.06	− 0.32	− 0.68
ROT	14.13 ± 7.28	18.15 ± 12.67	0.246	− 0.19	− 0.38
VWM1	6.93 ± 1.58	7.60 ± 1.73	0.25	− 0.20	− 0.40
VWM2	5.00 ± 1.56	6.20 ± 2.22	0.083	− 0.29	− 0.62
SUB	30.73 ± 11.52	40.70 ± 9.57	0.009	− 0.43	− 0.94
COMSUB	12.00 ± 6.09	19.60 ± 9.32	0.006	− 0.43	− 0.96
WORDM	54.87 ± 14.48	64.40 ± 12.22	0.042	− 0.34	− 0.71
PICTM	72.47 ± 6.97	73.90 ± 5.64	0.506	− 0.11	− 0.23
Medical history, n (%)
Hypertension	4 (26.7)	5 (25)	0.911
Diabetes mellitus	2 (13.3)	2 (10)	0.759
Smoking history	3 (20)	3 (15)	0.698
Alcohol consumer	3 (20)	2 (10)	0.403
Suzuki stage
Left
1	3 (20)
2	5 (33.3)
3	5 (33.3)
4	1 (6.7)
5	1 (6.7)
6	0
Right
1	3 (20)
2	4 (26.7)
3	5 (33.3)
4	2 (13.3)
5	1 (6.7)
6	0

The data are shown as the number (percentage) unless otherwise indicated. Mean values are presented with the standard deviation

F female, M male, MMD asymptomatic Moyamoya disease, SPM Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices, ROT Mental rotation, VWM1 Verbal working memory-forward digit span task, VWM2 Verbal working memory-backward digit span task, SUB simple subtraction, COMSUB complex subtraction, WORDM word-memory, PICTM picture-memory