Table 2.
Participants’ characteristics between standard and deficiency of daily nutrient intakes
| Parameters | Nutrient | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vitamin C | Zinc | Riboflavin | |||||||
| NAR < 1 | NAR ≥ 1 | P-value | NAR < 1 | NAR ≥ 1 | P-value | NAR < 1 | NAR ≥ 1 | P-value | |
| n = 30 | n = 250 | n = 36 | n = 244 | n = 11 | n = 269 | ||||
| 10.2% | 85.3% | 12.3% | 83.3% | 3.8% | 91.8% | ||||
| Age (years) | 34.90 ± 8.62 | 63.60 ± 8.53 | 0.30 | 38.05 ± 9.13 | 36.18 ± 8.44 | 0.22 | 31.63 ± 8.41 | 36.62 ± 8.50 | 0.08 |
| Height (cm) | 161.63 ± 6.27 | 161.32 ± 5.82 | 0.78 | 158.78 ± 6.33 | 161.74 ± 5.70 | 0.005 | 160.27 ± 8.16 | 161.40 ± 5.76 | 0.53 |
| Weight (kg) | 77.54 ± 9.28 | 80.32 ± 11.13 | 0.19 | 75.35 ± 8.78 | 80.71 ± 11.10 | 0.006 | 75.61 ± 14.41 | 80.20 ± 10.80 | 0.17 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.78 ± 3.29 | 30.87 ± 3.78 | 0.13 | 29.91 ± 3.40 | 30.88 ± 3.78 | 0.15 | 29.30 ± 4.03 | 30.81 ± 3.72 | 0.19 |
| RMR parameters | |||||||||
| RMR measure (kcal/day) | 1500.2 ± 307.28 | 1580.2 ± 247.49 | 0.17 | 1437.5 ± 288.33 | 1591.7 ± 244.25 | 0.001 | 1450.6 ± 301.44 | 1576.5 ± 252.59 | 0.10 |
| RQ | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.86 ± 0.042 | 0.85 ± 0.041 | 0.39 | 0.858 ± 0.03 | 0.854 ± 0.04 | 0.34 |
| RMR/FFM (kcal/day/kg) | 00.04 ± 5.60 | 33.92 ± 4.36 | 0.32 | 32.50 ± 5.10 | 34.02 ± 4.39 | 0.06 | 31.79 ± 2.93 | 33.91 ± 4.54 | 0.12 |
| V. O2 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.13 |
| V. CO2 | 0.18 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.16 |
| Body composition parameters | |||||||||
| Body fat mass (kg) | 31.80 ± 6.66 | 33.65 ± 7.77 | 0.21 | 30.79 ± 6.66 | 33.84 ± 7.74 | 0.02 | 29.15 ± 7.10 | 33.63 ± 7.66 | 0.05 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 45.63 ± 5.26 | 46.76 ± 5.44 | 0.28 | 44.27 ± 4.74 | 46.98 ± 5.44 | 0.006 | 45.55 ± 7.70 | 46.69 ± 5.33 | 0.49 |
| Blood parameters | |||||||||
| FBS (mg/dl) | 86.50 ± 10.59 | 87.51 ± 9.64 | 0.60 | 87.93 ± 11.62 | 87.30 ± 9.34 | 0.73 | 83.30 ± 7.33 | 87.57 ± 9.81 | 0.17 |
| Insulin (mIU/ml) | 14.75 ± 4.77 | 15.70 ± 6.30 | 0.44 | 15.37 ± 4.15 | 15.62 ± 6.41 | 0.83 | 18.28 ± 10.03 | 15.47 ± 5.93 | 0.40 |
| HOMA | 3.17 ± 1.17 | 3.42 ± 1.59 | 0.41 | 3.35 ± 1.05 | 3.40 ± 1.61 | 0.84 | 3.81 ± 2.33 | 3.38 ± 1.50 | 0.38 |
| ISQUICKI | 0.55 ± 0.045 | 0.54 ± 0.049 | 0.49 | 0.540 ± 0.03 | 0.545 ± 0.05 | 0.58 | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.54 ± 0.04 | 0.70 |
Bold value reflect significant value, P-value < 0.05
Data are indicated as mean ± SD otherwise indicated
RMR resting metabolic rate; RQ respiratory quotient; FFM fat-free mass; V. O2 oxygen consumption; V. CO2 carbon dioxide consumption; FBS fasting blood sugar; HOMA homeostasis model assessment; ISQUICKI insulin sensitivity quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
n = 293
P-values are from independent sample t test