Figure 3.

(A, B) Von Mises stresses in the PDL of maxillary teeth in response to the application of a buccal traction force against different archwire sizes: 0.018 inch (A); 0.018 × 0.025 inch with left lateral incisor not engaged (B). Simulated side effect (mesio-lingual tipping [C] and intrusion [D]) on the left lateral incisor (green mesh) compared to the initial position (transparent mesh) as a result of direct buccal traction against 0.018-inch archwire. The second molars were not engaged in all of these combinations.