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. 2021 May 14;27(18):2105–2121. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i18.2105

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

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Illustration of the complex pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor microenvironment that consists of various cell types and acellular extracellular matrix proteins and proteoglycans. Therapeutic strategies that have recently been tested or are being tested in clinical trials are highlighted in red. PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; ATRA: All trans retinoic acid; apCAF: Antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts; iCAF: Inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts; myCAF: Myofibroblast-like cancer-associated fibroblasts; IL: Interleukin; TGF: Transforming growth factor; TGFBR: Transforming growth factor β receptor; PEGPH20: Pegylated PH20; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κappa β; ECM: Extracellular matrix; FAK: Focal adhesion kinase.