TABLE 5.
Simulation study 1: bias and RMSE for the mode of the joint posterior (PML) and the mean of the marginal posterior (EAP) as Bayesian point estimates of the latent correlation with different correctly specified prior distributions as a function of the sample size and true correlation (ρ).
| Bias |
SD |
RMSE Gain |
||||||||||
| ρ |
ρ |
ρ |
||||||||||
| N | Meth | νρ | νλ | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| 30 | PML | 0 | 0 | –0.001 | −0.052 | −0.069 | 0.415 | 0.393 | 0.330 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 0 | 1 | 0.034 | –0.010 | –0.017 | 0.434 | 0.399 | 0.313 | 105 | 101 | 93 | ||
| 0 | 3 | 0.043 | 0.001 | –0.003 | 0.424 | 0.389 | 0.302 | 103 | 98 | 90 | ||
| 1 | 0 | 0.086 | 0.153 | 0.158 | 0.370 | 0.364 | 0.264 | 92 | 100 | 91 | ||
| 1 | 1 | 0.119 | 0.198 | 0.192 | 0.374 | 0.347 | 0.230 | 95 | 101 | 89 | ||
| 1 | 3 | 0.121 | 0.213 | 0.209 | 0.364 | 0.346 | 0.219 | 92 | 102 | 90 | ||
| 3 | 0 | 0.049 | 0.092 | 0.165 | 0.283 | 0.257 | 0.233 | 69 | 69 | 85 | ||
| 3 | 1 | 0.086 | 0.117 | 0.190 | 0.291 | 0.249 | 0.208 | 73 | 69 | 83 | ||
| 3 | 3 | 0.088 | 0.121 | 0.210 | 0.280 | 0.245 | 0.196 | 71 | 69 | 85 | ||
| EAP | 0 | 0 | −0.072 | −0.146 | −0.215 | 0.284 | 0.263 | 0.236 | 71 | 76 | 95 | |
| 0 | 1 | –0.021 | −0.077 | −0.124 | 0.331 | 0.300 | 0.245 | 80 | 78 | 81 | ||
| 0 | 3 | –0.008 | −0.057 | −0.098 | 0.342 | 0.310 | 0.248 | 83 | 79 | 79 | ||
| 1 | 0 | 0.058 | 0.129 | 0.104 | 0.221 | 0.173 | 0.149 | 55 | 54 | 54 | ||
| 1 | 1 | 0.081 | 0.153 | 0.133 | 0.266 | 0.209 | 0.137 | 67 | 65 | 57 | ||
| 1 | 3 | 0.089 | 0.164 | 0.136 | 0.277 | 0.221 | 0.138 | 70 | 69 | 58 | ||
| 3 | 0 | –0.006 | 0.002 | 0.087 | 0.169 | 0.151 | 0.105 | 41 | 38 | 41 | ||
| 3 | 1 | 0.018 | 0.035 | 0.112 | 0.191 | 0.178 | 0.116 | 46 | 46 | 48 | ||
| 3 | 3 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.122 | 0.197 | 0.185 | 0.118 | 48 | 48 | 50 | ||
| 50 | PML | 0 | 0 | –0.018 | –0.010 | –0.041 | 0.335 | 0.302 | 0.275 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 0 | 1 | 0.004 | 0.021 | –0.011 | 0.343 | 0.293 | 0.255 | 102 | 97 | 92 | ||
| 0 | 3 | 0.006 | 0.027 | 0.001 | 0.331 | 0.286 | 0.247 | 99 | 95 | 89 | ||
| 1 | 0 | 0.042 | 0.139 | 0.148 | 0.312 | 0.321 | 0.248 | 94 | 116 | 104 | ||
| 1 | 1 | 0.061 | 0.165 | 0.167 | 0.310 | 0.309 | 0.228 | 94 | 116 | 102 | ||
| 1 | 3 | 0.060 | 0.170 | 0.188 | 0.301 | 0.305 | 0.216 | 91 | 116 | 103 | ||
| 3 | 0 | 0.021 | 0.070 | 0.149 | 0.250 | 0.234 | 0.228 | 75 | 81 | 98 | ||
| 3 | 1 | 0.045 | 0.094 | 0.161 | 0.257 | 0.220 | 0.212 | 78 | 79 | 96 | ||
| 3 | 3 | 0.045 | 0.097 | 0.181 | 0.249 | 0.217 | 0.202 | 75 | 79 | 98 | ||
| EAP | 0 | 0 | −0.068 | −0.091 | −0.147 | 0.251 | 0.230 | 0.213 | 77 | 82 | 93 | |
| 0 | 1 | –0.033 | –0.037 | −0.085 | 0.278 | 0.245 | 0.213 | 83 | 82 | 82 | ||
| 0 | 3 | –0.026 | –0.022 | −0.065 | 0.283 | 0.250 | 0.215 | 85 | 83 | 81 | ||
| 1 | 0 | 0.013 | 0.103 | 0.095 | 0.214 | 0.191 | 0.149 | 64 | 72 | 63 | ||
| 1 | 1 | 0.027 | 0.123 | 0.117 | 0.243 | 0.217 | 0.141 | 73 | 82 | 66 | ||
| 1 | 3 | 0.032 | 0.131 | 0.127 | 0.250 | 0.226 | 0.142 | 75 | 86 | 68 | ||
| 3 | 0 | –0.023 | –0.004 | 0.074 | 0.170 | 0.158 | 0.131 | 51 | 52 | 54 | ||
| 3 | 1 | –0.004 | 0.027 | 0.096 | 0.191 | 0.175 | 0.138 | 57 | 59 | 60 | ||
| 3 | 3 | 0.003 | 0.036 | 0.102 | 0.195 | 0.180 | 0.138 | 58 | 61 | 62 | ||
| 100 | PML | 0 | 0 | –0.006 | –0.004 | 0.005 | 0.222 | 0.211 | 0.183 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| 0 | 1 | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.013 | 0.220 | 0.203 | 0.176 | 99 | 96 | 97 | ||
| 0 | 3 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.216 | 0.199 | 0.173 | 97 | 95 | 95 | ||
| 1 | 0 | 0.021 | 0.099 | 0.165 | 0.216 | 0.266 | 0.196 | 98 | 134 | 140 | ||
| 1 | 1 | 0.032 | 0.101 | 0.166 | 0.211 | 0.252 | 0.191 | 96 | 129 | 139 | ||
| 1 | 3 | 0.035 | 0.100 | 0.168 | 0.208 | 0.246 | 0.189 | 95 | 126 | 139 | ||
| 3 | 0 | 0.016 | 0.040 | 0.156 | 0.193 | 0.185 | 0.187 | 87 | 89 | 134 | ||
| 3 | 1 | 0.027 | 0.048 | 0.161 | 0.190 | 0.179 | 0.184 | 86 | 88 | 134 | ||
| 3 | 3 | 0.030 | 0.052 | 0.159 | 0.188 | 0.177 | 0.181 | 85 | 87 | 132 | ||
| EAP | 0 | 0 | –0.039 | −0.052 | −0.056 | 0.191 | 0.188 | 0.166 | 88 | 92 | 96 | |
| 0 | 1 | –0.019 | –0.028 | –0.033 | 0.198 | 0.190 | 0.161 | 90 | 91 | 90 | ||
| 0 | 3 | –0.014 | –0.018 | –0.022 | 0.200 | 0.189 | 0.160 | 90 | 90 | 88 | ||
| 1 | 0 | –0.006 | 0.045 | 0.105 | 0.183 | 0.199 | 0.136 | 82 | 96 | 94 | ||
| 1 | 1 | 0.007 | 0.059 | 0.114 | 0.190 | 0.202 | 0.132 | 86 | 100 | 96 | ||
| 1 | 3 | 0.013 | 0.064 | 0.119 | 0.192 | 0.203 | 0.131 | 87 | 101 | 97 | ||
| 3 | 0 | –0.020 | –0.011 | 0.074 | 0.157 | 0.158 | 0.138 | 71 | 75 | 86 | ||
| 3 | 1 | –0.004 | 0.007 | 0.085 | 0.164 | 0.159 | 0.136 | 74 | 75 | 88 | ||
| 3 | 3 | 0.002 | 0.015 | 0.089 | 0.167 | 0.159 | 0.135 | 75 | 76 | 88 | ||
SD = standard deviation of empirical sampling distribution; RMSE = root mean square error. PML = penalized maximum likelihood (mode of joint posterior); EAP = mean of marginal posterior; νρ = prior sample size for latent correlation; νλ = prior sample size for standardized loading; biases smaller than -0.05 or larger than 0.05 are printed in bold. For the RMSE gain, the RMSE of PML estimation with uniform prior distributions is used as a reference method; values smaller than 100 indicate that the RMSE of the respective method is lower than the RMSE of the reference method.