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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 13.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Rev Immunol. 2020;40(4):297–309. doi: 10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2020034934

Figure 1: Age-Associated Changes in T cell and B cells.

Figure 1:

With age, the number of naïve B cells and T cells decreases leading to a smaller TCR and BCR populations and repertoires. Upon pathogen exposure, naïve CD4 T cells secrete less IL-2 leading to lower effector T cell responses including T follicular helper cells (Tfh). Lower Tfh responses decrease GCB responses, which leads to fewer memory B cells and antibody-secreting cells towards newly encountered pathogens. However, memory B cells from previous immune responses accumulate with age leading to a larger memory B cells pool in the aged.