TABLE 2.
Baseline characteristics of study population
| Total population n = 55,985 | Total flavonoid intake quintiles | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 n = 11,197 | Q2 n = 11,197 | Q3 n = 11,197 | Q4 n = 11,197 | Q5 n = 11,197 | ||
| Total flavonoid intake (mg/d) | 494 [286–804] | 173 [127–212] | 320 [286–356] | 494 [441–548] | 726 [659–804] | 1201 [1024–1435] |
| Sex n (% male) | 26,626 (47.6) | 6469 (57.8) | 5733 (51.2) | 5329 (47.6) | 4988 (44.5) | 4107 (36.7) |
| Age (y) | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 56 [52–60] | 55 [52–59] |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 [23.3–28.2] | 26.1 [23.8–28.9] | 25.9 [23.6–28.5] | 25.6 [23.3–28.3] | 25.3 [23.2–27.9] | 24.9 [22.7–27.4] |
| MET score | 56.5 [37.0–84.8] | 51.0 [32.0–78.0] | 55.5 [36.3–84.0] | 57.5 [38.3–85.0] | 58.3 [38.5–87.0] | 60.0 [39.5–88.5] |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Never | 19,648 (35.1) | 2716 (24.3) | 3743 (33.4) | 3991 (35.6) | 4458 (39.8) | 4740 (42.3) |
| Former | 16,134 (28.8) | 2692 (24.0) | 3026 (27.0) | 3264 (29.2) | 3594 (32.1) | 3558 (31.8) |
| Current | 20,203 (36.1) | 5789 (51.7) | 4428 (39.5) | 3942 (35.2) | 3145 (28.1) | 2899 (25.9) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤7 y | 18,438 (32.9) | 5120 (45.7) | 4263 (38.1) | 3603 (32.2) | 3024 (27.0) | 2428 (21.7) |
| 8–10 y | 25,789 (46.1) | 4887 (43.6) | 5257 (47.0) | 5335 (47.6) | 5315 (47.5) | 4995 (44.6) |
| ≥11 y | 11,730 (21.0) | 1184 (10.6) | 1673 (14.9) | 2255 (20.1) | 2851 (25.5) | 3767 (33.6) |
| Mean household income, n (%) | ||||||
| ≤3,94,700 DKK/y | 13,886 (24.8) | 3342 (29.8) | 2744 (24.5) | 2709 (24.2) | 2574 (23.0) | 2517 (22.5) |
| 3,94,701–5,70,930 DKK/y | 14,000 (25.0) | 3268 (29.2) | 2998 (26.8) | 2714 (24.2) | 2601 (23.2) | 2419 (21.6) |
| 5,70,931–7,58,297 DKK/y | 14,049 (25.1) | 2915 (26.0) | 3032 (27.1) | 2900 (25.9) | 2620 (23.4) | 2582 (23.1) |
| >7,58,297 DKK/y | 14,050 (25.1) | 1672 (14.9) | 2423 (21.6) | 2874 (25.7) | 3402 (30.4) | 3679 (32.9) |
| Hypertensive | 24,913 (44.5) | 5355 (47.8) | 5098 (45.5) | 5047 (45.1) | 4838 (43.2) | 4575 (40.9) |
| Hypercholesterolemic | 28,590 (51.1) | 6052 (54.1) | 5784 (51.7) | 5830 (52.1) | 5617 (50.2) | 5307 (47.4) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1177 (2.1) | 279 (2.5) | 219 (2.0) | 253 (2.3) | 215 (1.9) | 211 (1.9) |
| Heart failure | 220 (0.4) | 56 (0.5) | 54 (0.5) | 39 (0.3) | 40 (0.4) | 31 (0.3) |
| Ischemic stroke | 778 (1.4) | 218 (1.9) | 151 (1.3) | 145 (1.3) | 130 (1.2) | 134 (1.2) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 2192 (3.9) | 586 (5.2) | 422 (3.8) | 435 (3.9) | 396 (3.5) | 353 (3.2) |
| Peripheral artery disease | 498 (0.9) | 171 (1.5) | 114 (1.0) | 84 (0.8) | 61 (0.5) | 68 (0.6) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 277 (0.5) | 57 (0.5) | 55 (0.5) | 59 (0.5) | 49 (0.4) | 57 (0.5) |
| CKD | 202 (0.4) | 43 (0.4) | 33 (0.3) | 44 (0.4) | 41 (0.4) | 41 (0.4) |
| Cancer | 246 (0.4) | 55 (0.5) | 42 (0.4) | 60 (0.5) | 33 (0.3) | 56 (0.5) |
| Medication use, n (%) | ||||||
| Insulin treated | 380 (0.7) | 78 (0.7) | 65 (0.6) | 86 (0.8) | 80 (0.7) | 71 (0.6) |
| Antihypertensive | 6893 (12.3) | 1360 (12.1) | 1421 (12.7) | 1405 (12.5) | 1360 (12.1) | 1347 (12.0) |
| Statin | 1073 (1.9) | 262 (2.3) | 210 (1.9) | 221 (2.0) | 212 (1.9) | 168 (1.5) |
| HRT | ||||||
| Never | 15,965 (28.5) | 2605 (23.3) | 3047 (27.2) | 3268 (29.2) | 3268 (29.2) | 3777 (33.7) |
| Current | 8816 (15.7) | 1293 (11.5) | 1569 (14.0) | 1698 (15.2) | 2001 (17.9) | 2255 (20.1) |
| Former | 4547 (8.1) | 821 (7.3) | 844 (7.5) | 895 (8.0) | 934 (8.3) | 1053 (9.4) |
| NSAID | 18,138 (32.6) | 3538 (31.8) | 3528 (31.7) | 3636 (32.7) | 3636 (32.6) | 3800 (34.2) |
| Aspirin | 7086 (12.7) | 1391 (12.4) | 1366 (12.2) | 1434 (12.8) | 1392 (12.4) | 1503 (13.4) |
| Dietary characteristics | ||||||
| Energy (kj/d) | 9500 [7857–11,369] | 8609 [7027– 10,387] | 9262 [7718–11,000] | 9752 [8140–11,587] | 9936 [8320–11,830] | 9929 [8258–11,891] |
| Total fish intake (g/d) | 38 [25–55] | 33 [22–49] | 38 [25–54] | 34 [27–57] | 41 [28–59] | 40 [27–57] |
| Red meat intake (g/d) | 78 [57–107] | 80 [58–108] | 81 [59–110] | 80 [58–110] | 78 [57–107] | 72 [52–99] |
| Processed meat intake (g/d) | 25 [14–40] | 28 [17–45] | 26 [16–42] | 25 [14–40] | 23 [14–38] | 20 [11–34] |
| Dietary fiber intake (g/d) | 20 [16–25] | 16 [13–20] | 19 [16–23] | 21 [17–25] | 22 [18–27] | 23 [19–29] |
| Saturated FA (g/d) | 31 [24–39] | 29 [23–37] | 31 [24–39] | 32 [24–40] | 32 [25–41] | 32 [24–41] |
| Polyunsaturated FA (g/d) | 13 [10–17] | 12 [9–16] | 13 [10–17] | 14 [10–18] | 14 [11–18] | 14 [10–18] |
| Monounsaturated FA (g/d) | 27 [21–35] | 26 [20–34] | 27 [21–35] | 28 [22–35] | 28 [22–35] | 27 [21–34] |
| Fruit intake (g/d) | 171 [95–281] | 87 [44–140] | 162 [97–237] | 193 [114–300] | 224 [139–360] | 240 [141–390] |
| Vegetable intake (g/d) | 161 [105–231] | 114 [71–170] | 150 [99–211] | 168 [114–235] | 184 [127–253] | 196 [135–272] |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 13 [6–31] | 11 [3–24] | 13 [6–25] | 15 [6–34] | 14 [7–32] | 13 [6–32] |
Note: Data expressed as median [IQR] unless otherwise stated.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DKK, Danish Krone; FA, fatty acids; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; IQR, interquartile range; MET, metabolic equivalent; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug.