Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 308 Subjects With Preexisting Diabetes at Baseline, 265 Subjects Who Developed T2D, and 4563 Subjects Who Did Not Develop T2D in the Span of 7.3 Years
| Diabetes at baseline | Incident diabetes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Yes | No | P value | |
| Participants, n | 308 | 265 | 4563 | |
| General characteristics | ||||
| Female, % | 43.8 | 37.7 | 51.2 | <0.001a b c |
| Age, year | 62.6 ± 9.9 | 57.0 ± 9.7 | 52.5 ± 11.6 | <0.001a b c |
| Lifestyle parameters | ||||
| Current smoker, % | 20.1 | 27.9 | 26.8 | 0.641 |
| Alcohol use, % | 59.4 | 73.1 | 76.9 | <0.001a c |
| Family history of diabetes % | 31.5 | 32.8 | 16.6 | <0.001b c |
| Body composition | ||||
| Weight, kg | 87.7 ± 16.5 | 88.6 ± 15.3 | 78.7 ± 14.0 | <0.001a b |
| Height, cm | 171.1 ± 10.0 | 172.5 ± 9.2 | 173.2 ± 9.4 | 0.253 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.9 ± 5.2 | 29.8 ± 4.7 | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 0.001a b |
| Waist circumference, cm | 101.9 ± 12.7 | 101.7 ± 12.6 | 90.7 ± 12.2 | <0.001a b |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 135.3 ± 19.8 | 135.9 ± 19.7 | 124.3 ± 17.7 | <0.001a b |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75.3 ± 9.0 | 77.3 ± 9.0 | 72.9 ± 8.9 | <0.001a b c |
| Hypertension, % | 63.6 | 55.8 | 25.8 | <0.001a b c |
| Antihypertensive medication, % | 44.8 | 35.1 | 14.1 | <0.001a b c |
| Lipid-lowering medication, % | 26.3 | 19.0 | 7.3 | <0.001a b c |
| Glucose homeostasis | ||||
| FPG, mmol/L | 8.1 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | <0.001a b c |
| Insulin, mU/L | 14.3 (9.5–21.4) | 13.6 (9.2–20.3) | 7.7 (5.6–11.3) | <0.001a b |
| HOMA-IR, (mU/L2)/22.5 | 4.9 (3.1–7.9) | 3.4 (2.3–5.3) | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | <0.001a b |
| Hs-CRP, mg/L | 2.6 (1.3–4.9) | 2.1 (1.1–3.8) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | <0.001a b |
| Renal function | ||||
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 85.9 (73.0–98.9) | 90.0 (79.0–100.5) | 95.0 (83.0–105.0) | <0.001a b c |
| Urinary albumin excretion, mg/24 h | 16.3 (8.2–46.0) | 12.2 (7.8–30.0) | 8.3 (6.0–14.4) | <0.001a b c |
| Lipids and lipoproteins | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 190.6 ± 40.2 | 198.5 ± 36.2 | 193.5 ± 34.4 | 0.023c |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 112.7 ± 32.6 | 118.2 ± 30.0 | 113.9 ± 29.1 | 0.045 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 44.6 ± 9.9 | 45.9 ± 9.9 | 52.0 ± 12.2 | <0.001a b |
| Triglycerides (total), mg/dL | 127.7 (88.7–179.1) | 134.6 (89.2–198.9) | 91.0 (65.1–133.9) | <0.001a b |
| HDL-P, µmol/L | 20.1 ± 3.0 | 20.7 ± 2.8 | 21.2 ± 2.7 | 0.004a b c |
| Large HDL, µmol/L | 0.9 (0.7–1.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.5) | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | <0.001a b |
| Medium HDL, µmol/L | 3.9 (2.8–5.4) | 4.3 (3.0–5.7) | 5.1 (3.7–6.5) | <0.001a b |
| Small HDL, µmol/L | 14.7(12.8–16.4) | 14.9 ± 2.7 | 14.1 ± 2.9 | <0.001a b |
| HDL size, nm | 8.7 ± 0.3 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 9.00 ± 0.4 | <0.001a b |
| HDL Subspecies | ||||
| H1P, µmol/L | 3.1 (1.6–4.2) | 3.1 (1.9–4.3) | 3.5 (2.3–4.7) | <0.001a b |
| H2P, µmol/L | 11.6 (10.0–13.1) | 11.7 (10.2–13.1) | 10.5 (9.9–12.1) | <0.001a b |
| H3P, µmol/L | 2.6 (1.4–3.8) | 2.9 (1.7–4.2) | 3.2 (2.1–4.4) | <0.001a b |
| H4P, µmol/L | 1.3 (0.8–1.9) | 1.3 (0.7–2.0) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | <0.001a b |
| H5P, µmol/L | 0.3 (0.1–0.7) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.280 |
| H6P, µmol/L | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.6 (0.3–1.4) | <0.001a b |
| H7P, µmol/L | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | <0.001a b |
Data are the mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. Significance was tested by one-way ANOVA tests and Kruskal Wallis tests where appropriate.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; H1P-H7P, high-density lipoprotein 1-7 particles (from smallest to largest); HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-P, high-density lipoprotein particles; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
aDifferent between the group with T2D at baseline and the group without T2D at follow-up. bDifferent between the group with incident T2D and the group without T2D at follow-up. cDifferent between the group with T2D at baseline and the group with T2D at baseline and the group with incident T2D at follow-up at P value < 0.05 (by Bonferroni correction).