Table 1.

Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular outcomes studies with DPP4 inhibitors

Abbreviation	Title	Drug (daily dose) vs comparator	Duration	Outcomes	Results
SPIKE (121)	Sitagliptin Preventive Study of Intima-Media Thickness Evaluation	Sitagliptin (25-100 mg) vs conventional therapy	104 weeks	Carotid IMT	Reduction
SPEAD-A (122)	Study of Preventive Effects of Alogliptin on Diabetic Atherosclerosis	Alogliptin (25 mg) vs conventional therapy	24 months	Carotid IMT	Reduction
PROLOGUE (123)	Program of Vascular Evaluation under Glucose Control by DPP-4 Inhibitor	Sitagliptin (25-100 mg) vs conventional therapy	24 months	Carotid IMT	No reduction
RELEASE (125)	Off Target Effects of Linagliptin Monotherapy on Arterial Stiffness in Early Diabetes	Linagliptin (5 mg) vs placebo	26 weeks	Aortic PWV	Reduction
SAVOR-TIMI 53 (126)	Saxagliptin Assessment of Vascular Outcomes Recorded in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus—Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 53	Saxagliptin (5 mg) vs placebo	Median 2.1 years	MACE	Noninferior; increased heart failure hospitalizations
EXAMINE (127)	Examination of Cardiovascular Outcomes with Alogliptin versus Standard of Care	Alogliptin (25 mg) vs placebo	Median 18 months	MACE	Noninferior
TECOS (128)	Trial Evaluating Cardiovascular Outcomes with Sitagliptin	Sitagliptin (50-100 mg) vs placebo	Median 3 years	MACE, or hospitalization for unstable angina	Noninferior
CARMELINA (129)	Cardiovascular and Renal Microvascular Outcomes Study with Linagliptin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	Linagliptin (5 mg) vs placebo	Median 2.2 years	MACE	Noninferior
CAROLINA (130)	Cardiovascular Outcome Study of Linagliptin Versus Glimepiride in Type 2 Diabetes	Linagliptin (5 mg) vs glimepiride (1-4 mg)	Median 6.3 years	MACE	Noninferior

Abbreviations: IMT, intima-media thickness; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and, nonfatal stroke; PWV, pulse wave velocity.