Figure 1.

Decrease in sucrose consumption and increase in movement frequency in the arms by sleep deprivation (SD). (A) Schematic timeline of Experiment 1 procedures. Rats were deprived of sleep (sleep deprivation [SD]) or not deprived of sleep (None) for 48 h. After SD, an elevated plus-maze (EPM) test, sucrose consumption test, and a fear memory (fear conditioning and fear expression) test was carried out. ED, experimental day. (B) All consumption was calculated as their liquid consumption divided by their weight per hour. Sucrose consumption (**P < 0.01, None vs. SD; unpaired t-test). (C) Water consumption. (D) Time spent in the open arm during 10 min. Movement frequency into the closed arm, the open arm, and the whole arm during 10 min (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, None vs. SD; unpaired t-test).