Table 3.

Associations between exposure to ACEs and high suicide risk; unadjusted and adjusted estimates, with population-attributable risk for adjusted estimates (n = 990)

Exposure	Unadjusted estimates†	Adjusted estimates‡	Population-attributable risk (%)
At least one ACE	2.25 (1.42, 3.58)	2.48 (1.53, 4.00)	45.0 (22.0, 61.3)
Specific types of ACEs$
Traumatic separation from caregiver, 1+ month	1.52 (1.04, 2.21)	1.38 (0.93, 2.06)	8.6 (−3.0, 18.9)
Harsh physical punishment	1.72 (1.17, 2.52)	1.42 (0.86, 2.37)	8.5 (−4.5, 19.8)
Physical injury from harsh punishment	2.22 (1.32, 3.73)	1.87 (0.97, 3.62)	6.1 (−0.8, 12.5)
Witnessing violence between caregivers	0.96 (0.64, 1.43)	0.70 (0.43, 1.14)	−9.4 (−23.2, 2.8)
Family member with substance abuse	1.03 (0.70, 1.52)	0.98 (0.63, 1.53)	−0.5 (−13.2, 10.8)
Forced sexual contact, relative	2.50 (1.56, 4.02)	2.33 (1.40, 3.87)	9.8 (2.8, 16.2)
Forced sexual contact, non-relative	2.71 (1.52, 4.82)	2.32 (1.26, 4.28)	6.1 (0.8, 11.1)
Cumulative exposure to ACEs
No ACEs (ref)
Mild to moderate exposure to ACEs (1–3)	2.04 (1.27, 3.28)	2.24 (1.37, 3.65)	42.2 (21.6, 57.4)
Severe exposure to ACEs (4 or more)	3.51 (1.91, 6.48)	3.93 (2.09, 7.38)	-

Abbreviations: ACEs, adverse childhood experiences.

^†Unadjusted odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals.

^‡Adjusted odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals. All models were adjusted by sex, age, and occupation.

^$Model adjusted by sex, age, occupation, and all types of ACEs.