Table 4.
Associations between exposure to ACEs and previous psychiatric admissions; unadjusted and adjusted estimates, with population-attributable risk for adjusted estimates (n = 968)
| Exposure | Unadjusted estimates† | Adjusted estimates‡ | Population-attributable risk (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| At least one ACE | 3.42 (1.44, 8.12) | 3.53 (1.47, 8.47) | 61.6 (19.1, 81.7) |
| Specific types of ACEs$ | |||
| Traumatic separation from caregiver, 1+ month | 2.18 (1.23, 3.87) | 2.00 (1.10 3.68) | 22.1 (−0.5, 39.6) |
| Harsh physical punishment | 1.27 (0.68, 2.38) | 0.63 (0.26, 1.53) | −14.0 (−45.5, 10.7) |
| Physical injury from harsh punishment | 2.36 (1.11, 5.04) | 2.25 (0.79, 6.42) | 8.9 (−3.9, 20.0) |
| Witnessing violence between caregivers | 1.24 (0.68, 2.27) | 0.96 (0.46, 2.00) | −1.2 (−26.3, 18.9) |
| Family member with substance abuse | 1.54 (0.86, 2.74) | 1.45 (0.74, 2.83) | 11.7 (−12.4, 30.7) |
| Forced sexual contact, relative | 2.50 (1.24, 5.05) | 1.88 (0.89, 3.99) | 9.0 (−4.1, 20.5) |
| Forced sexual contact, non-relative | 4.79 (2.32, 9.91) | 4.05 (1.87, 8.74) | 15.2 (3.3, 25.7) |
| Cumulative exposure to ACEs | |||
| No ACEs (0) | |||
| Mild to moderate exposure to ACEs (1–3) | 3.10 (1.29, 7.47) | 3.20 (1.31, 7.80) | 56.3 (20.6, 76.0) |
| Severe exposure to ACEs (4 or more) | 5.29 (1.87, 14.95) | 5.41 (1.89, 15.54) | - |
Abbreviations: ACEs, adverse childhood experiences.
†Unadjusted odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals.
‡Adjusted odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals. All models were adjusted by sex, age, and occupation.
$Model adjusted by sex, age, occupation, and all types of ACEs.