Table 3.
Pathogen evasion.
| Ligand | Site on CR3 | Site on ligand | Function | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
Leukocidin GH |
αMI (MIDAS) | LukH (main) & LukG | Pore formation, virulence | (41, 42) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae - Pneumolysin | sLex on αMI | – | Pore formation | (123) |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis and smegmatis | αMI (not iC3b site), C-terminal for M. tuberculosis, competes with laminarin and NADG | – | Binding and internalization of M. tuberculosis | (124) |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Activated αMI, lectin domain, cooperative with FH | Pilus glycan | Host evasion: internalization without inflammation | (85, 125, 126) |
| Group B Streptococci | – | – | Phagocytosis | (127) |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis - Fimbrillin | – | – | IL-12 regulation, pathogenicity | (128, 129) |
| Bordetella pertussis | Binding of CyaA Ca2+ dependent, not Mg2+ dependent, → binding is αMI-domain independent? | – | Reduced expression of IL-12, macrophage adhesion | (130–134) |
| Bacillus anthracis - BclA | – | – | Spore uptake | (135) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae - RrgA | αMI | – | Increased phagocytosis, virulence | (136) |
| Franciscellas tularensis | – | – | C3 opsonized results in limited inflammasome priming and pro-inflammatory cytokine production | (137) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi – OspA, OspB | Not overlapping to iC3b | – | – | (138) |
| Leishmania sp. - gp63 | – | Residues 365-386, 252-255 | – | (139–141) |
| HIV-1 | – | – | – | (142, 143) |
| Herpes simplex 2 | Opsonized with iC3b and without | – | Opsonized HSV2 increased infection of DC | (144) |
| Hantavirus | In competition to heparin | Increased virulence by NETosis causing severe renal and pulmonary pathology | (145) | |
| Candida albicans | Competed by vitronectin, fibrinogen (αMI-domain) and NADG, β-glucan (lectin) | beta-glucan | candida killing by co-ligation with FH | (146, 147) |
| Blastomyces dermatitis | Via same binding site like LPS, divalent cation dependent | probably via the WI-1 surface protein | Increased phagocytosis, virulence | (148) |
| Histoplasma capsulatum | Divalent cation dependent, not via lectin binding site | – | Increased phagocytosis, virulence, induction of ROS | (149) |