Table 3.
Characteristics of patients according to hospitalization.
| Non-hospitalized patients (n = 97) | Hospitalized patients (n = 350) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean ± SD | 65.5 ± 9.4 | 67.5 ± 9.8 | 0.075 |
| Smoking history, n (%) (n = 383) | 78 (20.4) | 305 (79.6) | 0.169 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) (n = 369) | 77 (20.9) | 292 (79.1) | 0.435 |
| Type of comorbidities, n (%)* | |||
| Diabetes mellitus (n = 102) | 25 (25.8) | 77 (22.0) | 0.518 |
| Hepatitis (n = 16) | 3 (3.1) | 13 (3.7) | 1 |
| Hypertension (n = 207) | 38 (39.2) | 169 (48.3) | 0.14 |
| COPD (n = 137) | 22 (22.7) | 115 (32.9) | 0.072 |
| Cardiovascular disease (n = 114) | 22 (22.7) | 92 (26.7) | 0.556 |
| Cerebrovascular disease (n = 17) | 2 (2.1) | 15 (4.3) | 0.476 |
| Renal disease (n = 41) | 8 (8.3) | 33 (9.4) | 0.875 |
| End-of-life stage, n (%) (n = 50) | 7 (14.0) | 43 (86.0) | 0.225 |
| Stage at COVID-19 diagnosis, n (%) | 0.641 | ||
| Stage I (n = 45) | 8 (17.8) | 37 (82.2) | |
| Stage II (n = 40) | 10 (25.0) | 30 (75.0) | |
| Stage III (n = 144) | 36 (25.0) | 108 (75.0) | |
| Stage IV (n = 216) | 42 (19.4) | 174 (80.6) | |
| Anticancer treatment, n (%) (n = 266) | 63 (23.7) | 203 (76.3) | 0.218 |
| Concomitant medication, n (%)a | |||
| NSAID (n = 81) | 19 (19.6) | 62 (17.7) | 0.783 |
| ACE inhibitors (n = 74) | 18 (18.6) | 56 (16.0) | 0.656 |
| ARA-II (n = 47) | 8 (8.3) | 39 (11.1) | 0.525 |
| Corticosteroids (n = 78) | 16 (16.5) | 62 (17.7) | 0.897 |
| Immunosuppressors (n = 1) | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 0.711 |
| Polypharmacy (n = 309) | 66 (68.0) | 243 (69.4) | 0.891 |
| Treatments, n (%)a | |||
| Antibiotics (n = 328) | 32 (37.2) | 296 (86.1) | <0.001 |
| Antivirals (n = 170) | 5 (5.8) | 165 (48.7) | <0.001 |
| Corticosteroids (n = 180) | 6 (7.0) | 174 (51.2) | <0.001 |
| Hydroxychloroquine (n = 294) | 30 (35.3) | 264 (78.1) | <0.001 |
| Oxygen (n = 269) | 9 (10.6) | 260 (76.3) | <0.001 |
| Ventilation (n = 14) | 1 (1.2) | 13 (4.1) | 0.347 |
| Anticoagulant (n = 217) | 7 (8.1) | 210 (61.4) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory parameters,b mean ± SD | |||
| Platelets (n = 60; 337) | 252.7 ± 134.7 | 227.2 ± 13.6 | 0.175 |
| Neutrophils (n = 60; 336) | 5.6 ± 7.3 | 6.7 ± 6.8 | 0.249 |
| Lymphocytes (n = 60; 334) | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
| Monocytes (n = 57; 321) | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.383 |
| NLR (n = 60; 334) | 5.9 ± 11.8 | 10.3 ± 13.4 | 0.016 |
| CRP (n = 47; 325) | 40.6 ± 56.6 | 57.9 ± 74.6 | 0.129 |
| Albumin (n = 31; 185) | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 0.004 |
| Sodium (n = 58; 333) | 137.7 ± 4.2 | 136.4 ± 4.3 | 0.037 |
| Fibrinogen (n = 29; 224) | 494.4 ± 266.9 | 616.8 ± 223.6 | 0.007 |
| LDH (n = 46; 284) | 351.4 ± 335.2 | 403.2 ± 261.4 | 0.233 |
| DDimer (n = 28; 189) | 1151.6 ± 2332.7 | 2547.8 ± 7093.4 | 0.303 |
| Prothrombin (n = 38; 271) | 36.8 ± 40.8 | 31.8 ± 34.4 | 0.423 |
a Percentages were calculated considering the total number of patients hospitalized or non-hospitalized. b Laboratory parameters were assessed in (n = non-hospitalized patients; hospitalized patients).
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARA-II, angiotensin II receptor antagonist; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C reactive protein; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NLR, neutrophils/lymphocyte ratio; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SD, standard deviation.