Table 3.

Training results of VGG-16, AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and ResNet-50 on the filtered datasets.

Primary learner	PALM-Training800-color		PALM-Training1600-overturning-cropping-deforming		PALM-Training3200-overturning-noise-color-cropping-deforming-dimming		PALM-Training1600-overturning-dimming-imgaug2
	Accuracy	Loss rate	Accuracy	Loss rate	Accuracy	Loss rate	Accuracy	Loss rate
AlexNet	0.946083	0.162323	0.950833	0.160698	0.954667	0.197096	0.957583	0.157773
GoogLeNet	0.909	0.203461	0.9395	0.169759	0.962417	0.13617727	0.947917	0.170418
ResNet-50	0.9395	0.219571	0.953583	0.151836	0.955917	0.156737	0.95125	0.166358
VGG-16	0.9503	0.17019	0.95267	0.16523	0.9555	0.27185	0.95858	0.18674