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. 2021 Apr 22;6(8):e137593. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.137593

Figure 4. Low cardiac ATRA is recapitulated early in guinea pig heart failure progression.

Figure 4

(A) URA analysis identified endogenous chemical compounds inferred to be altered, given the differential regulation of proteins in Figure 3A. Select compounds (Fisher’s exact test, P < 0.05, z score > 1.0) are shown. Low ATRA was specifically inferred from URA of guinea pig HF. B–F show the results of the analysis of cardiac retinoids. Experimental groups are as defined in Figure 3. Group means were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey’s HSD test and P < 0.05 was considered significant. N values for each group are given in parentheses. (B) Retinol levels were unchanged from controls to HYP and HF. (C) The storage form of retinol, retinyl esters, declined significantly in HF but was already trending lower in HYP. (D) ATRA was significantly decreased in both HYP and HF, whereas other geometric isomers of retinoic acid did not differ significantly (E and F). As in human myocardium, 9-cis-RA was not detected. *P < 0.05.