Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participant Sample by Treatment Condition
| Total | Mindfulness Meditation | Hypnotic Suggestion | Cognitive Behavioral Education | Test Statistic | Statistical Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 285 | 106 | 89 | 90 | ||
| Cohorts | 47 | 16 | 15 | 16 | ||
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 65.44 (10.56) | 65.52 (10.75) | 63.20 (10.67) | 67.56 (9.88) | F=3.88 | p=.02 |
| Women, No. (%) | 181 (63.5) | 63 (59.4) | 60 (67.4) | 58 (64.4) | χ2=1.38 | p=.50 |
| Race, No. (%) | χ2=13.80 | p=.31 | ||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 (0.7) | - | 2 (2.2) | - | ||
| Asian | 1 (0.4) | - | - | 1 (1.1) | ||
| Black or African American | 2 (0.7) | 2 (1.9) | - | - | ||
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 3 (1.1) | - | 1 (1.1) | 1 (1.1) | ||
| White or Caucasian | 262 (91.9) | 98 (92.5) | 80 (88.9) | 84 (93.3) | ||
| Other | 9 (3.2) | 3 (2.8) | 4 (4.5) | 2 (2.2) | ||
| Choose not to disclose | 6 (2.1) | 3 (2.8) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.2) | ||
| Hispanic Ethnicity, No. (%) | 12 (4.2) | 4 (3.8) | 4 (4.5) | 4 (4.4) | χ2=1.77 | p=.78 |
| Scheduled Surgery, No. (%) | χ2=8.42 | p=.02 | ||||
| Hip Arthroplasty | 104 (36.5) | 46 (43.4) | 36 (40.4) | 22 (24.4) | ||
| Knee Arthroplasty | 181 (63.5) | 60 (56.6) | 53 (59.6) | 68 (75.6) | ||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 30.35 (5.98) | 29.52 (5.82) | 31.31 (6.10) | 30.41 (5.97) | F=2.12 | p=.12 |
| Median Income, mean (SD) | $75,862 ($20,421) | $78,566 ($21,920) | $72,143 (17,595) | $76,354 ($20,855) | F=2.46 | p=.09 |
| Readmissions, mean (SD) | 0.56 (0.98) | 0.55 (0.93) | 0.52 (0.97) | 0.62 (1.05) | F=0.28 | p=.76 |
| Physical Therapy Sessions, mean (SD) | 6.41 (7.74) | 6.12 (7.48) | 7.25 (8.20) | 5.91 (7.59) | F=0.78 | p=.46 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.79 (2.2) | 1.78 (2.25) | 1.97 (2.35) | 1.64 (1.90) | F=0.50 | p=.61 |
| Tobacco Use, No. (%) | 81 (28.4) | 28 (26.4) | 26 (29.2) | 27 (30.0) | χ2=0.35 | p=.84 |
| Alcohol Use, No. (%) | 132 (46.3) | 47 (44.3) | 46 (51.7) | 39 (43.4) | χ2=1.52 | p=.47 |
| Drug Use, No. (%) | 14 (4.9) | 4 (3.8) | 3 (3.4) | 7 (7.8) | χ2=2.33 | p=.31 |
| Surgeon, No. (%) | χ2=9.59 | p=.14 | ||||
| Surgeon A | 7 (2.5) | 5 (4.7) | - | 2 (2.2) | ||
| Surgeon B | 66 (23.2) | 28 (26.4) | 14 (15.7) | 24 (26.7) | ||
| Surgeon C | 116 (40.7) | 41 (38.7) | 42 (47.2) | 33 (36.7) | ||
| Surgeon D | 96 (33.7) | 32 (30.2) | 33 (37.1) | 31 (34.4) | ||
| Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use, No. (%) | 189 (66.3) | 75 (70.8) | 56 (62.9) | 58 (64.4) | χ2=1.54 | p=.46 |
| Prescription Opioid Use, No. (%) | 76 (26.7) | 26 (24.5) | 27 (30.3) | 23 (25.6) | χ2=0.92 | p=.63 |
| Psychotropic Medication Use, No. (%) | 68 (23.9) | 28 (26.4) | 17 (19.1) | 23 (25.6) | χ2=1.63 | p=.44 |
| Spinal Anesthesia, No. (%) | 218 (76.5) | 82 (77.4) | 65 (73.0) | 71 (78.9) | χ2=0.92 | p=.63 |
| Nerve Block, No. (%) | 11 (3.9%) | 2 (1.9%) | 4 (4.5%) | 5 (5.6%) | χ2=1.91 | p=.39 |
| Baseline Measures of Preoperative Outcomes | ||||||
| Pain Intensity a | 4.59 (4.30 to 4.89) | 4.42 (3.93 to 4.91) | 4.71 (4.17 to 5.24) | 4.65 (4.12 to 5.18) | F=0.34 | p=.71 |
| Pain Unpleasantness a | 4.40 (4.08 to 4.72) | 4.14 (3.61 to 4.66) | 4.56 (3.99 to 5.13) | 4.51 (3.93 to 5.08) | F=0.70 | p=.50 |
| Pain Medication Desire a, c | 0.91 (0.78 to 1.03) | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.16) | 0.97 (0.75 to 1.19) | 0.80 (0.57 to 1.02) | F=0.75 | p=.47 |
| Anxiety a | 4.62 (4.29 to 4.95) | 4.95 (4.41 to 5.50) | 4.49 (3.91 to 5.08) | 4.40 (3.82 to 4.99) | F=1.07 | p=.34 |
| Baseline Measure of Postoperative Outcome and Timing of Assessments | ||||||
| Physical Functioning b | 37.77 (37.04 to 38.83) | 37.87 (37.04 to 38.69) | 38.19 (35.26 to 41.12) | 37.24 (36.32 to 38.16) | F=0.59 | p=.56 |
| Days from Preoperative Assessment to Surgery | 20.28 (17.81 to 22.75) | 20.55 (16.37 to 24.73) | 17.23 (11.51 to 22.94) | 21.75 (18.01 to 25.49) | F=0.98 | p=.38 |
| Days from Surgery to Postoperative Assessment | 52.22 (48.67 to 55.77) | 54.58 (48.10 to 61.05) | 51.63 (45.44 to 57.83) | 50.03 (44.20 to 55.85) | F=0.57 | p=.56 |
a
Baseline measures of preoperative outcome scores’ range is 0 to 10. Higher scores indicate more of the respective construct.
b
Baseline measure of postoperative outcome score’s range is 23.21 to 55.20. Higher scores indicate better physical functioning.
c
Square root transformed values reported due to negatively skewed raw values.