Table 2.
Outcomes by Treatment Group and Mean (95% CI) Differences Between Treatment Groups (Adjusted Analyses)a,b
| Pain Intensity a | Pain Unpleasantness a | Pain Medication Desire a, d | Anxiety a | Physical Function b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimated Marginal Means | Mindfulness Meditation | 3.38 (3.00 to 3.76) | 2.96 (2.61 to 3.30) | 0.62 (0.52 to 0.71) | 2.81 (2.35 to 3.28) | 43.59 (42.02 to 45.16) |
| Hypnotic Suggestion | 3.45 (3.14 to 3.77) | 3.03 (2.64 to 3.43) | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.84) | 3.17 (2.52 to 3.82) | 41.08 (39.29 to 42.87) | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Education | 4.11 (3.75 to 4.46) | 3.70 (3.32 to 4.08) | 0.78 (0.70 to 0.86) | 4.17 (3.72 to 4.63) | 39.87 (38.04 to 41.71) | |
| F | 5.27 | 4.98 | 3.63 | 8.82 | 4.79 | |
| Omnibus P Value | .006 | .008 | .028 | <.001 | .010 | |
| Cohen’s d | .40 | .39 | .32 | .54 | .41 | |
| Pairwise Comparisons | Mindfulness vs. Cognitive behavioral education | −.72 c (−1.22 to −0.22) | −.74 c (−1.24 to −0.25) | −0.17 c (−0.29 to −0.04) | −1.35 c (−2.14 to −0.57) | 3.71 c (1.29 to 6.14) |
| Hypnosis vs. Cognitive behavioral education | −.65 c (−1.15 to −0.19) | −.66 c (−1.21 to −0.12) | −0.07 (−0.21 to 0.08) | −1.00 c (−1.82 to −0.19) | 1.21 (−1.13 to 3.54) | |
| Mindfulness vs. Hypnosis | −.07 (−0.56 to 0.42) | −.08 (−0.60 to 0.45) | −0.10 (−0.26 to 0.06) | −0.35 (−1.14 to 0.44) | 2.51 c (0.13 to 4.88) | |
a
Estimates are from linear mixed models adjusting for baseline score and scheduled surgery.
b
Estimates are from linear mixed models adjusting for baseline score, scheduled surgery, and time from surgery.
c
P value is less than .05 for pairwise comparison.
d
Square root transformed values reported due to negatively skewed raw values.
Note. Pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, pain medication desire, and anxiety were not measured in the usual care condition as these patients did not attend Joint Academy