Table 2:
Summary of volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS)-based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays for determining the concentration of antimicrobial drugs
| Drug | Assay range (μg/mL) | Sample collection and processing | Method validation and clinical application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cefepime23 | 0.1 – 100 |
Sample volume: 10 μL Drying time: 1 h at room temperature (RT) Extraction solvent: Water (rehydration); acetonitrile |
Inter-assay accuracy: 100 – 108%. Inter-assay precision: 4.27 – 12.2%. Recovery (at 3 hematocrit (HCT) levels): Quality control (QC) low 40.8 – 60.2%; QC medium 43.4 – 57.8%; QC high 48.2 – 62.1% Matrix effect: QC low 96.7%; QC medium 89.5%; QC high 89.8% HCT effect: recovery decreases as HCT increase Stability: 1 week at 4°C; 1 month at −20°C; 3 months at −78°C Clinical application: 1 subject; 7 samples |
| Piperacillin17 | 3.125 – 200 |
Sample volume: 10 μL Drying time: 1 h at RT Extraction solvent: Water (rehydration); methanol |
Inter-assay accuracy: 94.9 – 106.0%. Inter-assay precision: 3.2 – 13.6%. Recovery: QC low 86%; QC high 90% Matrix effect: QC low 109%; QC high 107% HCT effect: Bias <15% for HCT levels 30 – 60% Stability: 72 h at RT, 4°C and −20°C; 1 month at −20°C; freeze-thaw acceptable Clinical application: 1 subject; 2 samples |
| Tazobactam17 | 3.125 – 200 |
Sample volume: 10 μL Drying time: 1 h at RT Extraction solvent: Water (rehydration); methanol |
Inter-assay accuracy: 92.0 – 115.7%. Inter-assay precision: 6.2 – 9.1%. Recovery: QC low 88%; QC high 83% Matrix effect: QC low 101%; QC high 110% HCT effect: Bias <15% for HCT levels 30 – 60% Stability: 72 h at RT, 4 °C and −20 °C; 1 month at −20°C; freeze-thaw acceptable Clinical application: 1 subject; 2 samples |
| Meropenem17 | 3.125 – 200 |
Sample volume: 10 μL Drying time: 1 h at RT Extraction Solvent: Water (rehydration); methanol |
Inter-assay accuracy: 93.5 – 105.3%. Inter-assay precision: 7.1 – 10.6%. Recovery: QC low 86%; QC high 78% Matrix effect: QC low 95%; QC high 109% HCT effect: Bias <15% for HCT levels 30 – 60% Stability: 72 h at RT, 4°C and −20°C; 1 month at −20°C; freeze-thaw acceptable Clinical application: 3 subjects; 6 samples |
| Ceftazidime17 | 3.125 – 200 |
Sample volume: 10 μL Drying time: 1 h at RT Extraction solvent: Water (rehydration); methanol |
Inter-assay accuracy: 95.2 – 115.7%. Inter-assay precision: 0.6 – 5.3%. Recovery: QC low 103%; QC high 86% Matrix effect: QC low 104%; QC high 97% HCT effect: Bias <15% for HCT levels 30 – 60% Stability: 72 h at RT, 4°C and −20°C; 1 month at −20°C; freeze-thaw acceptable Clinical application: 3 subjects; 6 samples |
| Linezolid17 | 3.125 – 200 |
Sample volume: 10 μL Drying time: 1 h at RT Extraction solvent: Water (rehydration); methanol |
Inter-assay accuracy: 91.6 – 109.3%. Inter-assay precision: 2.3 – 9.5%. Recovery: QC low 94%; QC high 83% Matrix effect: QC low 111%; QC high 95% HCT effect: Bias <15% for HCT levels 30 – 60% Stability: 72 h at RT, 4°C and −20°C; 1 month at −20°C; freeze-thaw acceptable Clinical application: 5 subjects; 10 samples |