Table 1.
Region, global index of COVID-19 pandemic and economic, and characteristics of the 107 included studies.
| Characteristics of included studies | Number of studies (%) |
|---|---|
| WHO Region: Country (no. of studies) | |
| Africa Region: Nigeria (1), South Africa (1) | 2 (1.9) |
| Region of the Americas: Brazil (4), Mexico (1), United States (7) | 12 (11.2) |
| South-East Asia Region: Bangladesh (3), India (5), Nepal (1), Thailand (1) | 10 (9.4) |
| European Region: Germany (1), Greece (1), Ireland (1), Italy (6), Norway (1), Portugal (1), Spain (6), Sweden (1), Turkey (2), United Kingdom (7) | 27 (25.2) |
| Eastern Mediterranean Region: Egypt (1), Iran (3), Jordan (2), Pakistan (1), Saudi Arabia (2), Tunisia (1), United Arab Emirates (2) | 12 (11.2) |
| Western Pacific Region: Australia (4), China (including Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan; 36), Japan (1), Malaysia (1), New Zealand (1), Vietnam (1) | 44 (41.1) |
| World Bank, by income groups | |
| Low income | … |
| Lower-middle income | 14 (13.1) |
| Upper-middle income | 49 (45.8) |
| High income | 44 (41.1) |
| Human development groups, 2018a | |
| Low | 1 (0.9) |
| Medium | 11 (10.3) |
| High | 48 (44.9) |
| Very high | 47 (43.9) |
| Gender Inequality Index, 2018 (world average, 0.439)a | |
| Below world average gender inequality index | 88 (82.2) |
| Above world average gender inequality index | 16 (15.0) |
| No data | 3 (2.8) |
| COVID-19: Government Response Stringency Index during the surveyb | |
| Less stringent (< 75) | 23 (21.5) |
| Moderate stringent (75–85) | 53 (49.5) |
| Very stringent (> 85) | 29 (27.1) |
| No data | 2 (1.9) |
| Preparedness of countries to respond to COVID-19: hospital beds per 10,000 people, 2010–2018c | |
| Low | 10 (9.4) |
| Medium–low | 9 (8.4) |
| Medium | 22 (20.6) |
| Medium–high | 60 (56.1) |
| High | 2 (1.9) |
| No data | 4 (3.7) |
| Preparedness of countries to respond to COVID-19: current health expenditure (% of GDP), 2016c | |
| Low | 14 (13.1) |
| Medium–low | 40 (37.4) |
| Medium | 5 (4.7) |
| Medium–high | 18 (16.8) |
| High | 28 (26.2) |
| Not data | 2 (1.9) |
| Real GDP growth 2020, estimates percent change (world average, -3.0)d | |
| Below GDP world average growth | 58 (54.2) |
| Above GDP world average growth | 49 (45.8) |
| Resilience of a country's business environmente | |
| First quartile | 41 (38.3) |
| Second quartile | 17 (15.9) |
| Third quartile | 40 (37.4) |
| Fourth quartile | 9 (8.4) |
| Immediate economic vulnerability: inbound tourism expenditure (% of GDP 2016–2018)c | |
| Low | 52 (48.6) |
| Medium–low | 19 (17.8) |
| Medium | 15 (14.0) |
| Medium–high | 14 (13.1) |
| High | 7 (6.5) |
| Article type | |
| Published article | 48 (44.9) |
| Preprint reporting data | 47 (43.9) |
| Short communication/letter to editor/correspondence | 12 (11.2) |
| Study design | |
| Cross-sectional study | 96 (89.7) |
| Longitudinal survey | 12 (10.3) |
| Data collection | |
| Online survey | 101 (95.3) |
| Online and telephone survey | 1 (0.9) |
| Telephone survey | 1 (0.9) |
| Paper-based survey | 1 (0.9) |
| No data | 2 (1.9) |
| Risk of bias | |
| Low | 76 (71.0) |
| Moderate | 31 (29.0) |
| High | … |
| Mean age in year, grand mean ± S.D.; range (min–max); missing data for 39 studies (36.4%) |
33.5 ± 9.5 (16.0 – 51.6) |
| % Female, mean; range (min–max); missing data for 3 studies (2.8%) |
60.9 (24.8 – 85.8) |
| Sample size, median (min–max) |
1255 (66 – 56,679) |
| Outcomes reported | |
| Depression | 75 (70.1) |
| Anxiety | 75 (70.1) |
| Post-traumatic stress symptoms | 28 (26.2) |
| Stress | 22 (20.6) |
| Psychological distress | 18 (16.8) |
| Sleep problems (insomnia/poor sleep) | 15 (14.0) |
| Psychological symptoms | 4 (3.7) |
| Suicide ideation | 4 (3.7) |
| Loneliness | 3 (2.8) |
| Somatic symptoms | 3 (2.8) |
| Wellbeing | 3 (2.8) |
| Alcohol drinking problems | 2 (1.9) |
| Obsessive–compulsive symptoms | 2 (1.9) |
| Panic disorder | 1 (0.9) |
| Phobia anxiety | 1 (0.9) |
| Adjustment disorder | 1 (0.9) |
| Suicide attempts | 1 (0.9) |
COVID-19 coronavirus disease-2019, GDP gross domestic product, WHO World Health Organisation.
aBased on the 2019 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Programme.
bBased on the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker—highest value during the surveys.
cBased on the 2020 global preparedness and vulnerability to respond to COVID-19 pandemic by the United Nations Development Programme.
dBased on the World Economic Outlook, April 2020 by the International Monetary Fund.
eBased on the 2020 FM Global Resilience Index.