Table 2.
Summary of mental health problems prevalence estimates among the general population, by WHO region and World Bank country groups.
| Outcomes | Overall | WHO region | World Bank groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa region | Region of the Americas | South-East Asia Region | European Region | Eastern Mediterranean Region | Western Pacific Region | Lower-middle income | Upper- middle income | High income | ||
| Depression | ||||||||||
| No. of studies (participant) | 75 (280,607) | 2 (723) | 10 (17,148) | 8 (10,908) | 19 (126,355) | 5 (7236) | 31 (118,237) | 9 (8540) | 34 (113,688) | 32 (158,379) |
| Prevalence (95% CI) | 28.0% (25.0–31.2) | 20.6% (17.7–23.6) | 34.2% (25.5–43.6) | 41.0% (30.4–52.0) | 26.4% (22.8–30.1) | 32.1% (23.4–41.4) | 24.1% (18.8–29.8) | 39.3% (28.1–51.1) | 26.0% (20.6–31.8) | 27.3% (24.3–30.4) |
| I2 (95% CI) | 99.7% (99.0–100) | … | 99.1% (99.0–99.2) | 99.2% (99.0–99.5) | 99.5% (99.0–100) | 98.4% (98.0–99.0) | 99.8% (99.6–100) | 99.1% (99.0–99.2) | 99.7% (99.5–100) | 99.4% (99.0–99.7) |
| P value for heterogeneity | < 0.001 | … | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| P value for difference | … | < 0.001 | 0.100 | |||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||||||
| No. of studies (participant) | 75 (284,813) | 1 (502) | 7 (4500) | 9 (11,300) | 18 (118,814) | 8 (20,844) | 32 (128,853) | 11 (14,355) | 34 (129,414) | 30 (141,044) |
| Prevalence (95% CI) | 26.9% (24.0–30.0) | 49.6% (45.1–54.1) | 40.0% (32.3–47.8) | 32.9% (21.0–45.9) | 26.2% (23.6–28.8) | 30.6% (21.1–41.1) | 21.7% (17.2–26.5) | 32.6% (18.2–48.9) | 26.0% (20.6–31.8) | 26.0% (23.4–28.7) |
| I2 (95% CI) | 99.7% (99.5–99.9) | … | 96.3% (94.0–98.0) | 99.4% (99.1–100) | 98.8% (98.6–99.2) | 99.5% (99.1–99.8) | 99.7% (99.5–99.9) | 99.7% (99.6–99.8) | 99.8% (99.6–99.9) | 99.1% (99.0–99.2) |
| P value for heterogeneity | < 0.001 | … | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| P value for difference | … | < 0.001 | 0.700 | |||||||
| Post-traumatic stress symptoms | ||||||||||
| No. of studies (participant) | 28 (56,447) | 1 (502) | 1 (898) | 1 (653) | 10 (34,322) | 3 (1647) | 12 (18,425) | 4 (2268) | 13 (19,342) | 11 (34,837) |
| Prevalence (95% CI) | 24.1% (17.0–32.0) | 42.8% (38.4–47.3) | 31.8% (28.8–35.0) | 18.2% (15.3–21.4) | 24.1% (15.8–33.5) | 45.5% (33.0–58.3) | 18.0% (5.9–34.8) | 35.9% (21.9–51.3) | 18.5% (6.8–34.3) | 26.9% (18.6–36.2) |
| I2 (95% CI) | 99.8% (99.7–100) | … | … | … | 99.7% (99.5–99.9) | … | 99.8% (99.5–99.9) | 98.2% (97.1–99.3) | 99.8% (99.6–100) | 99.6% (99.5–99.7) |
| P value for heterogeneity | < 0.001 | … | … | … | < 0.001 | … | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| P value for difference | … | < 0.001 | 0.260 | |||||||
| Stress | ||||||||||
| No. of studies (participant) | 22 (110,849) | … | 1 (360) | 6 (10,431) | 6 (28,026) | … | 9 (72,032) | 5 (6427) | 7 (64,164) | 10 (40,258) |
| Prevalence (95% CI) | 36.5% (30.0–43.3) | … | 65.8% (60.7–70.7) | 45.4% (30.0–61.3) | 30.4% (22.5–39.0) | … | 31.8% (23.7–40.3) | 39.7% (24.4–56.1) | 40.3% (19.5–63.0) | 32.3% (26.2–38.7) |
| I2 (95% CI) | 99.8% (99.7–100) | … | … | 99.6% (99.4–99.8) | 99.4% (99.2–99.7) | … | 99.6% (99.5–99.7) | 99.4% (99.2–99.7) | 99.9% (99.7–100) | 99.3% (99.1–99.4) |
| P value for heterogeneity | < 0.001 | … | … | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | … | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| P value for difference | … | < 0.001 | 0.580 | |||||||
| Psychological distress | ||||||||||
| No. of studies (participant) | 18 (81,815) | … | 2 (1292) | 1 (505) | 7 (21,331) | 3 (1913) | 5 (56,774) | 1 (505) | 8 (58,437) | 9 (22,873) |
| Prevalence (95% CI) | 50.0% (41.8–58.2) | … | 80.2% (78.0–82.3) | 69.3% (65.1–73.3) | 46.0% (33.0–59.2) | 57.8% (16.3–93.5) | 34.5% (21.9–48.4) | 69.3% (65.1–73.3) | 50.6% (33.6–67.6) | 47.4% (35.4–59.4) |
| I2 (95% CI) | 99.7% (99.5–100) | … | … | … | 99.6% (99.5–99.7) | … | 99.5% (99.2–99.7) | … | 99.7% (99.5–99.9) | 99.6% (99.5–99.7) |
| P value for heterogeneity | < 0.001 | … | … | … | < 0.001 | … | < 0.001 | … | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| P value for difference | … | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
| Sleep problems (insomnia/poor sleep) | ||||||||||
| No. of studies (participant) | 15 (99,534) | 1 (502) | … | 1 (4004) | 3 (21,820) | … | 10 (73,208) | 1 (502) | 11 (77,212) | 3 (21,820) |
| Prevalence (95% CI) | 27.6% (19.8–36.1) | 15.1% (12.1–18.6) | … | 53.9% (52.3–55.4) | 30.0% (5.2–64.3) | … | 25.6% (20.2–31.3) | 15.1% (12.1–18.6) | 28.1% (21.5–35.2) | 30.0% (5.2–64.3) |
| I2 (95% CI) | 99.8% (99.6–100) | … | … | … | … | … | 99.2% (99.0–99.4) | … | 99.6% (99.3–99.8) | … |
| P value for heterogeneity | < 0.001 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||
| P value for difference | … | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||||
CI confidence interval, WHO World Health Organisation.