Table 3.

Other

Author, date	Study design	Study population	Intervention	Outcomes	Complications
Kelechi et al., 2018 [44]	Randomized	Chronic venous disease N = 138 cryocuff N = 138 placebo cuff	LC (gel cryocuff) that reduced skin temp by avg of 3 °C for 9 months; 1 month 30-min 1 × a day; 2–3 months 30-min 3 × a week; 4–6 months 30-min 1 × a week, month 7–9 30-min whenever needed	Pain reduction: both cryocuff and placebo cuff had decrease in short-term (NRS) and long-term (VEINES-QOL/Sym) pain, but no differences between groups	None reported
Bettoni et al., 2013 [47]	Randomized	FM N = 50 WBC N = 50 control	WBC at − 140 °C for 3 min, 15 sessions in 3 weeks	Pain reduction: both WBC and control had a decrease in pain VAS, but WBC group had a significantly greater decrease	None reported
Rivera et al., 2018 [46]	Randomized, crossover	FM N = 60 3 weeks WBC, 3 weeks control (rest)	WBC at − 196 °C for 3 min, every other day for 3 weeks	Pain reduction: WBC group had significantly larger decrease in VAS pain after 3 weeks compared to control (3.0 cm and 0.3 cm, respectively)	Heartbeat feeling in whole body (1), palpitations (1), sleep difficulties (2), bowel sounds and bloating (1), muscle stiffness (1), tremor (1), headache (1) – all minor and waning after the first sessions
Vitenet et al., 2018 [48]	Randomized	FM N = 13 WBC N = 11 control	WBC at − 110 °C for 3 min, 10 sessions in 8 days	Pain reduction: WBC group had significant improvement in self-rated quality of life (MOS SF-36), including questions on pain	None reported
Yilmaz and Kiyak, 2017 [49]	One-group pre-test/post-test pre-experimental model	FM N = 55 LC	LC (cold pack), 1 × application for 10 min; no temp reported	Pain reduction: VAS pain after LC significantly lower at 10 min (2.75 cm), 1.5 h (2.45 cm), and 24 h (3.36 cm) compared to pre-cold application (6.45 cm)	None reported
Miller et al., 2016 [45]	Case–control	MS N = 24 high-fatigue patients N = 24 low-fatigue patients	WBC at − 110 °C to − 160 °C for 3 min, 1 × a day for 10 days	Disease activity: increases in motor function in all groups (Rivermead Motor Assessment), decreases in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29)	None reported

LC local cryotherapy, WBC whole-body cryotherapy, NRS Numeric Rating Scale, VEINES-QOL/Sym Venous Insufficiency Epidemiological and Economic Study—Quality of Life/Symptoms, FM fibromyalgia, VAS Visual Analogue Scale, MOS SF-36 Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form Survey Instrument, MS multiple sclerosis, EDSS Expanded Disability Status Scale, MSIS-29 Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale