Table 3.
Key secondary outcomes
| Group R | Group RN | Group RK | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 48-h Total morphine equivalent administered, median (98.3% CI) (mg)a, b | 211.0 (209.5–216.0) | 99.3 (97.0–101.3) | 96.6 (94.5–99.0) |
| Difference, median (98.3% CI) (mg) | |||
| Compared with group R | NA | 113.0 (109.5–116.0) | 115.5 (112.0–119.0) |
| P value | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
| Compared with group RN | NA | NA | 2.6 (0.0–5.4) |
| P value | P = 0.022c | ||
| Compared with group RK | NA | NA | NA |
| P value | |||
| Additional rescue analgesia rates within 2 days post-surgery | |||
| POD-1 (98.3% CI) (%)d | 46.3 (27.8–65.7) | 11.9 (3.0–28.8) | 14.6 (4.4–32.4) |
| Absolute difference (RR) [98.3% CI] (%) | |||
| Compared with group R | NA | 34.4 (3.89) [12.4–56.5] | 31.7 (3.17) [8.9–54.5] |
| P value | P = 0.001 | P = 0.002 | |
| Compared with group RN | NA | NA | –2.7 (0.81) [–20.5 to 15.0] |
| P value | P = 0.72 | ||
| Compared with group RK | NA | NA | NA |
| P value | |||
| POD-2 (98.3% CI) (%)d | 17.1 (5.8 to 35.3) | 9.5 (1.9–25.7) | 7.3 (1.0–22.9) |
| Absolute difference (RR) [98.3% CI] (%) | |||
| Compared with group R | NA | 7.6 (1.79) [–10.2 to 25.3] | 9.8 (2.33) [–7.3 to 26.8] |
| P value | P = 0.31e | P = 0.18e | |
| Compared with group RN | NA | NA | 2.2 (1.30) [–12.3 to 16.7] |
| P value | P = 0.72e | ||
| Compared with group RK | NA | NA | NA |
| P value |
NA not applicable, CI confidence interval, RR relative risk, POD postoperative day; R ropivacaine, RN ropivacaine + nalbuphine, RK ropivacaine + ketorolac
aTotal morphine equivalent is calculated as the sum of (sufentanil dose [μg] × 1) + morphine dose
bConfidence intervals were calculated by the Hodges-Lehmann estimator to determine the median difference. P values were calculated using Kruskal–Wallis test
cThis P value = 0.022 is above the prespecified threshold (level of significance) of P = 0.017
dThe 98.3% confidence intervals for proportions were calculated using Clopper–Pearson method with binom.test
eFisher's exact test