Fig. 2.

Cervical joint position error (JPE) test using a laser pointer. The patient is sitting 90 cm from the wall, and the starting point (center of target or reference point) of the laser projection is marked. The patient (blindfolded or closed) performs active neck movement and then returns to the starting position as accurately as possible. The final laser position is measured relative to the starting position (distance or angle). The errors are measured after cervical extension, flexion, lateral flexions, and rotations.

Adapted from Treleaven [4] and Revel et al. [67]