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. 2021 Jan 12;10(1):143–164. doi: 10.1007/s40122-020-00230-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Craniocervical flexion test. During craniocervical flexion test, the patient is positioned supine in crook lying with the neck in a neutral position (no pillow), making the line of the face horizontal. An uninflated pressure sensor is placed behind the neck so that it is close to the occiput and inflated to a baseline pressure of 20 mmHg, which is sufficient to fill the space between the table surface and the cervical lordotic curve, but does not push the neck into the lordosis. The device provides feedback and guidance to the patient to perform the five test phases required, with an additional 2 mmHg per phase and a maximum of 30 mmHg. The patient is asked to hold each position for 10 s. There is a 10-s break between the two stages. The figure shows the starting position (left) and the end position of craniocervical flexion (right). The craniocervical flexion includes the head nodding "yes" movement to keep it in contact with the supporting surface, and the flexion movement mainly occurs in the upper neck motion segments.

Adapted from Jull et al. [104] and Falla et al. [106]