Table 4.
Characteristics of surgical patients experiencing OIRD compared to those with no OIRD among elderly (age ≥ 65 years) or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) patients
| Characteristic | Age ≥ 65 years | BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | Age ≥ 65 years with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OIRD (n = 26) | No OIRD (n = 215) | OIRD (n = 47) | No OIRD (n = 288) | OIRD (n = 13) | No OIRD (n = 107) | |||
| Female gender, n (%) | 14 (53.8) | 122 (56.7) | 30 (63.8) | 187 (64.9) | 7 (53.9) | 65 (60.8) | ||
| Mean age ± SD, years | 72.3 ± 5.25 | 71.1 ± 4.92 | 55.2 ± 13.0 | 56.4 ± 13.92 | 70.1 ± 3.5 | 70.4 ± 4.6 | ||
| Median age | 72 | 70 | 58 | 58 | 70 | 69 | ||
| Range | 65–82 | 65–89 | 26–76 | 19–84 | 65–76 | 65–84 | ||
| Interquartile range | 7 | 7 | 20 | 21 | 4 | 6 | ||
| Age group, years, n (%) | ||||||||
| < 65 | – | – | 34 (72.3) | 181(62.9) | ||||
| ≥ 65 | 26 (100.0) | 215 (100.0) | 13 (27.7) | 107 (37.2) | ||||
| Mean BMI ± SD, kg/m2 | 30.2 ± 6.2 | 30.7 ± 6.5 | 36.0 ± 5.7 | 36.8 ± 5.8 | 34.4 ± 5.1 | 35.8 ± 4.7 | ||
| Median BMI | 29.8 | 29.8 | 34.4 | 35.3 | 33 | 34.7 | ||
| Range | 16.8–48.3 | 12.8–58.2 | 30–56.1 | 30, 61.6 | 30–48.3 | 30–58.2 | ||
| Interquartile range | 6.1 | 8.7 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 4.1 | 4.9 | ||
| BMI group, kg/m2, n (%) | ||||||||
| < 30 | 13 (50.0) | 108 (50.2) | – | – | ||||
| ≥ 30 | 13 (50.0) | 107 (49.8) | 47 (100.0) | 305 (100.0) | ||||
| Baseline pain score, mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 2.0 | 5.9 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 2.0 | 6.2 ± 2.3 | 6.8 ± 2.0 | 5.9 ± 2.1 | ||
| Median baseline pain | ||||||||
| Score | 7.0 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | ||
| Range | 4–10 | 0–10 | 4–10 | 0–10 | 4–10 | 2–10 | ||
| Interquartile range | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | ||
| Medical comorbidities associated with higher risk of OIRD | ||||||||
| Sleep apnea, n (%) | 3 (11.5) | 39 (18.1) | 7 (14.9) | 62 (21.5) | 0 | 29 (27.1) | ||
| COPD, n (%) | 5 (19.2) | 19 (8.8) | 5 (10.6) | 14 (4.9) | 3 (23.1) | 11 (10.3) | ||
| Cardiac disorders, n (%) | 10 (38.5) | 48 (22.3) | 10 (21.3) | 48 (16.7) | 4 (30.8) | 22 (20.6) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 7 (26.9) | 49 (22.8) | 11 (23.4) | 58 (20.1) | 4 (30.8) | 22 (20.6) | ||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 20 (76.9) | 154 (71.6) | 28 (59.6) | 159 (55.2) | 13 (100.0) | 84 (78.5) | ||
| Concomitant medications associated with risk of OIRD | ||||||||
| Benzodiazepinesa, n (%) | 10 (38.5) | 49 (22.8) | 13 (27.7) | 69 (24.0) | 6 (46.2) | 25 (23.4) | ||
| Gabapentanoidsb, n (%) | 15 (57.7) | 60 (27.9) | 15 (31.9) | 62 (21.5) | 9 (69.2) | 35 (32.7) | ||
aIncludes medications of alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, midazolam hydrochloride, temazepam, zolpidem, and zolpidem tartrate
bIncludes medications of gabapentin or pregabalin