TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics according to 28‐day mortality in septic patients identified by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score
| Non‐survivors n = 86 (14.6%) | Survivors n = 504 (85.4%) | Difference (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female gender; n (%) | 31 (36.1) | 231 (45.8) | 9.7 (÷1.3–20.7) | 0.10 |
| Age; years (IQR) | 79.2 (70.3–86.5) | 73.5 (64.7–83.6) | 4.8 (2.2–7.4) | 0.002 |
| CCI score; n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 7 (8.1) | 141 (28.0) | 19.9 (12.9–26.9) | <0.001 |
| 1‐2 | 42 (48.8) | 241 (47.8) | 1.0 (÷12.4–10.4) | 0.90 |
| 3+ | 37 (43.0) | 122 (24.2) | 18.8 (7.6–30.0) | <0.001 |
| History of sepsis; n (%) | 35 (40.7) | 146 (29.0) | 11.7 (0.6–22.8) | 0.03 |
| Atrial fibrillationa | ||||
| None, n (%) | 67 (77.9%) | 389 (77.2) | 0.7 (÷8.8–10.2) | 0.50 |
| New‐onset atrial fibrillation; n (%) | 9 (10.5%) | 22 (4.4) | 6.1 (÷0.6–12.8) | 0.03 |
| History of atrial fibrillation; n (%) | 10 (11.6) | 93 (18.4) | 6.8 (÷0.8–14.4) | 0.07 |
| Severity of disease | ||||
| SBP; mmHg, median (IQR)b | 121 (99–145) | 123.5 (107–145) | 4 (÷3–11) | 0.27 |
| SBP < 90; n (%) | 11 (12.8) | 24 (4.8) | 8 (0.7–15.3) | 0.01 |
| Respiratory rate; min‐1, median (IQR) | 20 (17–24) | 20 (18–25) | 1 (0–2) | 0.31 |
| Heart rate; min‐1, median (IQR) | 91.5 (77–109) | 94 (79.5–110) | 3 (÷3–8) | 0.35 |
| O2‐saturation; %, median (IQR) | 96 (92–98) | 95 (93‐97) | 0 (÷1–1) | 0.72 |
| Core temperature; oCelsius, median (IQR)c | 37.0 (36.5–37.9) | 37.5 (36.8‐38.5) | 0.5 (0.2–0.7) | < 0.001 |
| Altered mental state; n (%) | 33 (38.4) | 128 (25.4) | 13.0 (2.0–24.0) | 0.01 |
| qSOFA score ≥ 2 on admission; n (%) | 24 (27.9%) | 100 (19.8) | 8.1 (÷2.0–18.2) | 0.11 |
| SIRS criteria ≥ 2 on admission; n(%) | 50 (58.1) | 325 (64.5) | 6.4 (÷4.8–17.6) | 0.27 |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| CRP; median (IQR) | 91 (27–160) | 89 (35.9–160) | 3 (÷20–14) | 0.71 |
| WBC; x109/L, median (IQR) | 12.7 (8.0–18.6) | 12.1 (9.1–16.7) | 0.1 (÷1.4–1.6) | 0.89 |
| Creatinine; μmol/L, median (IQR) | 131 (71–204) | 110.5 (77–166) | 11 (÷31–6) | 0.17 |
| Bilirubin; mmol/L, median (IQR) | 11 (8–19) | 10 (7–17) | 1 (÷1–1) | 0.31 |
| Platelets; x109/L, median (IQR) | 227 (147–296) | 209 (147–287) | 5 (÷31–21) | 0.66 |
| Lactate; mmol/L, median (IQR)d | 1.8(1.0–3.4) | 1.3(0.9–2.1) | 0.3(÷0.7–0) | 0.02 |
| Lactate > 2 mmol/L; n (%) | 21 (38.9) | 80 (26.8) | 12.1 (1.1–23.1) | 0.06 |
| Glucose; mmol/L, median (IQR) | 7.4 | 7.2 | 0.1 (÷0.5–0.4) | 0.67 |
| Admission to ICU; n (%) | 16 (18.6) | 73 (14.5) | 4.1 (÷4.7–12.9) | 0.32 |
| Vasopressor; n (%) | 7 (8.1) | 9 (1.8) | 6.3 (0.4–12.2) | 0.004 |
| Mechanical ventilation; n (%) | 5 (5.8) | 29 (5.8) | 0 | 1.00 |
| Dialysis; n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (0.4) | 0.8 (÷1.6–3.2) | 0.37 |
| Positive blood cultures; n (%)e | 15 (17.4) | 58 (11.5) | 5.9 (÷2.5–14.4) | 0.15 |
| Source of infection | ||||
| Pulmonary; n (%) | 56 (65.1) | 312 (61.9) | 3.2 (÷7.7–14.2) | 0.63 |
| Urine; n (%) | 21 (24.4) | 94 (18.7) | 5.7 (÷4.0–15.4) | 0.23 |
| Abdominal; n (%) | 6 (7.0) | 54 (10.7) | 3.7 (÷2.3–9.7) | 0.34 |
| Central nervous system; n (%) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (0.8) | 0.4 (÷2.0–2.8) | 0.54 |
| Unknown; n(%) | 6 (7.0) | 42 (8.3) | 1.3 (÷7.2–4.6) | 0.83 |
CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI, confidence interval; CRP, C‐reactive protein; IQR, interquartile range; qSOFA, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SIRS, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; WBC, white blood cell.
aA total of 42 patients had missing information on atrial fibrillation on admission.
b7 patients with missing information on blood pressure.
c13 patients without core temperature measurements.
dA total of 32 (37.2%) non‐survivors and 205 (40.7%) survivors did not have lactate measured on admission.
eA total of 50 (60.0%) non‐survivors and 341 (67.7%) survivors had blood cultures taken on admission.