Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Apr 30;12:672519. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672519

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Tripolino, Ciaffi, Pucino, Ruscitti, van Leeuwen, Borghi, Giacomelli, Meliconi and Ursini

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

The mitogenic and metabolic pathways of insulin signaling. AKT/PKB, protein-kinase B; AS160, AKT substrate of 160kDa; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinases; FoxO, forkhead box-containing protein O subfamily; GRB2, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; MEK, MAPK/ERK Kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PDK1/PDK2, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase; PIP₂, phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate; PIP₃, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS, Rouss avian sarcoma; Shc, Src-homology collagen; SOS, son of sevenless. Figure 1 has been created using BioRender (www.biorender.com).