Figure 2.

The main effect of self-reported smoking status on PAL performance across 18–85 year olds separately between men and women. Simple effects analyses revealed that women’s memory is negatively impacted by smoking (β =  − 1.01 word pairs, std error = 0.14, p = 7.83e−13; (B)) whereas men’s is not significantly impacted (β =  − 0.27 word pairs, std error = 0.18, p = 0.135: (A)). Shown are the linear regression fit lines (± 95% confidence interval (CI)) of the PAL total number of correct from 18 to 85 years old.