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. 2021 May 13;11:10248. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88923-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The propensity score matching main effect of self-reported smoking on PAL performance across all ages separately between men and women. We conducted propensity score matching (PSM) analysis matching smokers and non-smokers for various health and lifestyle factors from self-report including: age, race, ethnicity, marital status, handedness, education level, number of daily medications, history of diabetes, seizures, cancer, stroke, hypertension, heart disease, family history of Alzheimer disease, drug abuse, loss of consciousness, and dizziness. The dependent variable was the total number of correct word pairs entered across the three trials of PAL tests (range of 0–36). When collapsed across age, PSM suggested there is no effect of smoking on memory in males (β = − 0.21 (− 0.62 to 0.19, 95% credible interval)) and a negative effect in females (β = − 0.54 ( − 0.93 to −0.14, 95% credible interval)).