TABLE 1.
Descriptive statistics of the study groups at baseline and at follow‐up
| Baseline | Follow‐up | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA (n = 107) | CN (n = 435) | p * | p † | CA (n = 107) | CN (n = 435) | p * | p † | |
| Baseline demographics | ||||||||
| Age (ys) | 70.66 ± 8.64 | 64.44 ± 11.27 | <.001 | N/A | 73.78 ± 8.46 | 67.72 ± 11.23 | <.001 | N/A |
| Gender (M/F) | 69.2%/30.8% | 61.8%/38.2% | .159 | .318 | 69.2%/30.8% | 61.8%/38.2% | .159 | .237 |
| Disease duration (ys) | 5.63 ± 5.36 | 5.43 ± 5.21 | .798 | .798 | 8.81 ± 5.85 | 8.72 ± 5.36 | .856 | .731 |
| Duration follow‐up (ys) | 3.18 ± 1.48 | 3.28 ± 1.79 | .743 | .798 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| LEDD (mg) | 473.37 ± 407.35 | 512.70 ± 475.03 | .667 | .798 | 728.02 ± 460.96 | 694.20 ± 468.33 | .452 | .237 |
| HY ‡ | 2.0 [2.0–3.0] | 2.0 [1.0–3.0] | .023 | .061 | 3.0 [2.0–3.0] | 2.5 [2.0–3.0] | <.001 | .019 |
| Outcome measures | ||||||||
| SCOPA‐ME | 11.36 ± 5.36 | 9.40 ± 4.89 | .001 | .004 | 13.65 ± 5.55 | 10.35 ± 5.11 | <.001 | <.001 |
| SCOPA‐ADL | 6.23 ± 3.45 | 4.98 ± 3.29 | .001 | .004 | 8.93 ± 3.80 | 6.46 ± 3.82 | <.001 | <.001 |
| SCOPA‐MCompl | 1.68 ± 2.82 | 1.61 ± 2.52 | .592 | .798 | 1.98 ± 2.12 | 2.37 ± 2.42 | .196 | .639 |
| NMSS cardiovascular/falls | 1.63 ± 2.91 | 1.45 ± 2.47 | .642 | .963 | 2.27 ± 3.60 | 1.61 ± 2.68 | .016 | .033 |
| NMSS sleep/fatigue | 10.20 ± 10.32 | 9.16 ± 8.45 | .771 | .973 | 11.17 ± 9.08 | 9.40 ± 9.02 | .035 | .033 |
| NMSS mood/apathy | 8.10 ± 11.21 | 7.74 ± 11.63 | .892 | .973 | 10.12 ± 12.43 | 7.23 ± 11.85 | .004 | .010 |
| NMSS perceptual/hallucinations | 1.84 ± 3.82 | 0.76 ± 2.05 | .002 | .024 | 3.44 ± 5.02 | 1.77 ± 3.72 | <.001 | .003 |
| NMSS attention/memory | 5.79 ± 6.90 | 4.27 ± 5.80 | .034 | .204 | 8.81 ± 8.45 | 4.79 ± 6.79 | <.001 | <.001 |
| NMSS gastrointestinal | 5.58 ± 6.71 | 4.20 ± 5.35 | .071 | .284 | 6.06 ± 6.23 | 4.77 ± 5.70 | .038 | .228 |
| NMSS urinary | 8.20 ± 8.77 | 7.29 ± 8.00 | .322 | .552 | 8.56 ± 9.29 | 7.88 ± 8.80 | .435 | .793 |
| NMSS sexual | 3.01 ± 5.06 | 3.09 ± 5.66 | .892 | .973 | 1.88 ± 4.70 | 1.79 ± 4.38 | .781 | .797 |
| NMSS miscellaneous | 8.43 ± 8.57 | 7.11 ± 7.42 | .223 | .454 | 8.60 ± 8.50 | 7.03 ± 6.72 | .180 | .103 |
| NMSS total | 52.76 ± 40.97 | 45.19 ± 35.29 | .139 | .417 | 60.72 ± 43.11 | 46.26 ± 37.90 | <.001 | .003 |
| PDSS total | 109.92 ± 27.48 | 107.36 ± 25.51 | .227 | .454 | 95.23 ± 29.07 | 100.41 ± 25.82 | .135 | .228 |
| HADS total | 11.01 ± 7.44 | 10.77 ± 6.47 | .985 | .985 | 13.97 ± 7.69 | 11.29 ± 6.81 | .001 | .003 |
Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise specified. Group differences tested using Mann–Whitney U test.
ADL, activities of daily living; CA, cognitively abnormal (MMSE score of ≤25 at follow‐up); CN, Cognitively normal (MMSE score of ≥26 at follow‐up); F, female; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; HY, Hoehn and Yahr; LED, Levodopa equivalent dose; M, male; MCompl, motor complications; ME, motor examination; N, number; NMSS, nonmotor symptom scale; PDSS, Parkinson's disease sleep scale; SCOPA, SCales for Outcomes in PArkinson's disease; Ys, years.
Uncorrected p‐values.
p‐values corrected for age (Quade's rank analysis of covariance correction) and multiple testing (Benjamini‐Hochberg procedure).
MEDIAN [25th–75th percentile].