TABLE 3.
Association between operationally defined resilience status and heart rate variability indices
| Heart Rate Variability Indices at follow‐up a | Operational definition at baseline | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unexposed and well b (N = 168) | Resilient c (ref; N = 280) | Reactive Depression d (N = 42) | Vulnerable Depression e (N = 10) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | Adj.‐β a (SE) | p‐value | Mean (SD) | Adj.‐β a (SE) | Mean (SD) | Adj.‐β a (SE) | p‐value | Mean (SD) | Adj.‐β a (SE) | p‐value | |
| Men, N | 53 | 82 | 9 | 0 | |||||||
| SDNN | 31.2 (15.7) | 3.15 (3.08) | .308 | 31.5 (17.9) | Ref. | 27.9 (7.5) | 0.04 (6.02) | .995 | NA | ||
| Psi | 102.2 (124.7) | −5.16 (19.95) | .796 | 92.7 (107.0) | Ref. | 77.3 (58.3) | −40.64 (39.01) | .300 | NA | ||
| TP | 831.0 (799.0) | 137.37 (188.47) | .467 | 930.2 (1,194.7) | Ref. | 583.8 (254.1) | −106.20 (368.61) | .774 | NA | ||
| LF | 211.5 (274.4) | 38.91 (55.74) | .486 | 240.3 (340.3) | Ref. | 164.8 (108.3) | 22.46 (109.02) | .837 | NA | ||
| HF | 147.2 (289.1) | 45.08 (41.16) | .276 | 135.2 (164.4) | Ref. | 81.4 (109.4) | −30.55 (80.50) | .705 | NA | ||
| LF/HF | 3.23 (3.9) | 0.46 (0.69) | .502 | 2.70 (3.9) | Ref. | 3.7 (2.9) | 1.34 (1.35) | .324 | NA | ||
| RMSSD | 22.9 (21.8) | 2.93 (3.65) | .424 | 21.9 (18.1) | Ref. | 17.4 (7.9) | −3.74 (7.14) | .602 | NA | ||
| Women, N | 112 | 184 | 31 | 8 | |||||||
| SDNN | 29.5 (13.2) | −0.32 (1.95) | .868 | 30.3 (17.8) | Ref. | 27.9 (9.5) | −2.66 (3.15) | .3993 | 23.7 (8.1) | −6.30 (6.00) | .294 |
| Psi | 88.8 (80.7) | 4.47 (9.77) | .647 | 83.4 (79.6) | Ref. | 86.4 (68.7) | 2.36 (15.80) | .8815 | 113.8 (71.0) | 33.95 (30.08) | .260 |
| TP | 755.7 (704.6) | −71.05 (190.24) | .709 | 837.1 (1962.0) | Ref. | 640.2 (438.4) | −244.02 (307.87) | .429 | 433.8 (324.9) | −404.82 (585.97) | .490 |
| LF | 187.0 (247.5 | 29.66 (27.99) | .290 | 162.8 (229.4) | Ref. | 111.6 (95.4) | −41.52 (45.29) | .360 | 78.5 (45.4) | −63.86 (86.20) | .459 |
| HF | 147.4 (190.4) | −28.37 (41.13) | .491 | 179.9 (416.6) | Ref. | 97.6 (99.3) | −95.77 (66.56) | .151 | 59.6 (36.4) | −124.91 (126.69) | .325 |
| LF/HF | 1.9 (2.1) | 0.35 (0.23) | .141 | 1.7 (1.8) | Ref. | 2.1 (2.0) | 0.66 (0.38) | .082 | 1.6 (1.0) | 0.44 (0.72) | .546 |
| RMSSD | 21.6 (13.0) | −2.86 (2.44) | .242 | 24.4 (24.1) | Ref. | 19.6 (9.8) | −6.09 (3.95) | .124 | 15.1 (5.3) | −9.68 (7.51) | .198 |
SDNN, Standard Deviation of the NN interval; Psi, Physical Stress Index or Pressure Index; TP, Total power; LF, Low frequency; HF, High frequency; RMSSD, Square root of the mean of the sum of the square of differences between adjacent NN intervals.
No negative event experience in 6 months before initial assessment and no depressive symptoms (BDI < 20) at baseline.
Experienced negative events in prior 6 months before initial assessment but no depressive symptoms (BDI < 20) at baseline.
Experienced negative events in 6 months before initial assessment with depressive symptoms (BDI ≥ 20) at baseline.
No negative event experience in 6 months before initial assessment and with depressive symptoms (BDI ≥ 20) at baseline.