Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 May 13;11:10200. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89655-w

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Illustrative diagram for exosome-mediated transfer of therapeutic resistance in the RCC microenvironment by the clinically approved KTZ. Exosome act as intercellular messengers that give the ability to communicate between both cells of the same type and other cell types. The exosome cargoes contain nucleic acids (miRNAs, DNAs, and RNAs), proteins (cytoplasmic proteins, tetraspanins, and membrane receptors), and lipids (ceramides, and cholesterol). The exosomes secreted from cancer cells can affect the local tumor microenvironment, alter the extracellular matrix, and enhance the drug resistance, cancer cell growth, metastasis, and immune escape. The initial steps of this process are usually modulated by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) dependent or ESCRT independent pathway, and then the mechanisms involved in the release of exosomes are also regulated by other protein families, such as Rab GTPases such as Rab27a and Rab27b. The inhibition of ERK1/2 pathway by KTZ leads to transcriptional downregulation of Alix, nSMase, and Rab27a. A inhibition of exosome biogenesis and secretion relative proteins, and the inhibition of cyclin D1 by KTZ are decreased the tumor growth of RCC as well as sunitinib resistant cancer cells. (EE) early endosome; (LE), late endosome; (MVB), multivesicular bodies; (ESCRT), endosomal sorting complex required for transport.