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. 2021 May 13;11:10221. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89675-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A screenshot of the simultaneous Prisoner’s Dilemma game with the costly punishment option used in Experiment 1. Depending on the framing condition, the grey buttons above the pictures displayed either the moral labels “I cooperate” and “I cheat” or the letters “A” and “B”. In the example trial displayed here, the participant cooperated while the partner cheated. The participant then chose to punish the partner by investing 3 cents to reduce the partner’s account balance by 30 cents. The facial photographs on the right side (one unique photograph for each partner) were taken from the Center for Vital Longevity Face Database⁴⁶.